Controlling Fertility

Question 1

How can Oestrogen be used a contraception?

Answer 1

It can prevent the release of an egg

Question 2

How can Oestrogen help prevent the egg from falling since naturally it helps stimulate the release of eggs?

Answer 2

If take every day to keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, and after a while egg development and production stop and stay stopped

Question 3

How does progesterone reduce fertility ?

Answer 3

By stimulating the production of thick muscular which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg

Question 4

What is the
pill ?

Answer 4

an oral contraceptive containing oestrogen and progesterone (known as the combined oral contraceptive pill)

Question 5

How effective is the pill ?

Answer 5

over 99% effective

Question 6

What are the side effects of the pill ?

Answer 6

headaches, nausea and doesn’t protect your against STD’s

Question 7

What is a progesterone-only pill ?

Answer 7

it has few side-effects in the pill, and it is just as effective

Question 8

what is a contraceptive patch?

Answer 8

It contains oestrogen and progesterone. It is a small (5cm x 5cm ) patch
that’s stuck to the skin. Each patch last one week.

Question 9

What is the contraceptive implant?

Answer 9

It is inserted under the skin of the arm. It releases a continuous amount of progesterone, which stops the ovaries release in eggs, makes it hard for sperm to swim to the egg and stops any fertilise eggs and planting in the uterus.

Question 10

How long does the contraceptive implant last ?

Answer 10

Three years

Question 11

What is the contraceptive injection?

Answer 11

The contraceptive injection also contains progesterone. Each dose last 2 to 3 months.

Question 12

What is an Intrauterine device ?

Answer 12

A Intrauterine device (IUD) is a T-shaped device that is inserted into a uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg.

Question 13

What are the two types of IUD’s ?

Answer 13

There are two main types - plastic IUDs that release progesterone and copper IUDs that prevent the sperm surviving in the uterus

Question 14

What are Non - hormonal forms of contraception designed to do ?

Answer 14

Stop sperm from getting to the egg

Question 15

What are condoms ?

Answer 15

They are worn over the penis during intercourse to prevent the sperm entering the vagina

Question 16

What are female condoms ?

Answer 16

They are worn inside the vagina

Question 17

What are the only form of contraception that will protect against sexually transmitted diseases ?

Answer 17

Condoms

Question 18

What is a diaphragm?

Answer 18

A shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix (entrance to the uterus) to form a barrier

Question 19

What does the diaphragm have to be used with ?

Answer 19

Spermicide (a substance that disables or kills the sperm)

Question 20

Spermicide can be used alone as a form of contraception but how effective is it ?

Answer 20

70 - 80 %

Question 21

What is sterilisation ?

Answer 21

Invoked cutting or tying the fallopian tubes OR
The sperm duct.

This is a permanent procedure however there is a small chance that the tubes can rejoin

Question 22

What are natural method ?

Answer 22

Pregnancy’s may be avoided by finding out when i’m in the menstrual cycle the women is the most fertile and avoiding sexual intercourse on those days

Question 23

Why is natural method popular but what js the disadvantage ?

Answer 23

It’s popular with people who think that hormonal and barrier method are unatural, but it’s not very effective

Question 24

What is abstinence ?

Answer 24

The only way to be completely sure that sperm and egg don’t meet is to hit have intercourse

Question 25

What does low FSH levels mean ?

Answer 25

It means that they FSH levels are to low to causes egged to mature. This means that no eggs are released and the women can’t get pregnant

Question 26

What hormones can be given to women in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation ?

Answer 26

FSH and LH

Question 27

What are the PROS of a fertility drug ?

Answer 27

It helps a lot of when get pregnant when they couldn’t

Question 28

What are the CONS of the fertility drug ?

Answer 28

- It doesn’t always work (some women do it many times which is expensive) - Too many eggs could be stimulated, resulting in unexpected multiple pregnancies

Question 29

What might a women chose if she cannot get pregnant using medication ?

Answer 29

IVF (“in vitro fertilisation”)

Question 30

What is the process of IVF ?

Answer 30

Collecting eggs from a women’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm

Question 31

What technique could be used in an IVF treatment if the man has a low sperm count ?

Answer 31

Intra - cytoplasmic sperm Injection (ICSI)

Question 32

What is ICSI ?

Answer 32

Where the sperm is injected directly into the egg

Question 33

What happens after the fertilisation part of IVF ?

Answer 33

The fertilised eggs are grown into embryos in a laboratory incubator

Question 34

What happens once the embryos are tiny balls of cells ?

Answer 34

One or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy

Question 35

Why are FSH and LH given before egg collection ?

Answer 35

To stimulate several eggs to mature (so more than one egg can be collected)

Question 36

What are the PROS of IVF ?

Answer 36

Fertility treatment can give a infertile could a child

Question 37

What are the CONS of IVF ?

Answer 37

- Multiple births - these are risky for the mother and babies (higher risk of miscarriage , still birth) - The success rate is low - the average success rate in the Uk is about 26 %. Making the process stressful and upsettinf - Physically stressful, strong reaction to the hormones - abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration

Question 38

What has helped to improve the techniques of IVF ?

Answer 38

microscope techniques

Question 39

How have micro-tools been developed to improve IVF ?

Answer 39

To use on the eggs and sperm under microscope. They’re also used to remove single cells from the embryo from genetic testing (check that it’s healthy)

Question 40

How has the development of time-lapse imaging helped the process of IVF ?

Answer 40

Means that the growth of the embryos can be continuously monitored to help identify those that are more likely to result in a successful pregnancy

Question 41

What is time-lapse imaging helped?

Answer 41

Using a microscope and camera built into the incubator

Question 42

Why are some people against IVF ?

Answer 42

1) It results in unused embryos that are eventually destroyed (potential human life) 2) The genetic testing lead peoples to like it could lead to the selection of preferred characteristics, such as gender or eye colour