Coordinated Vascular Response

Question 1

Is the right side of the heart more of a volume pump or more of a pressure pump?

Answer 1

volume pump

Question 2

Is the left side of the heart more of a volume pump or more of a pressure pump?

Answer 2

more of a pressure pump.

Question 3

Are the vascular beds arranged in both series and parallel circuits?

Answer 3

YES. series within each organ and in parallel collectively to each system.

Question 4

Where can we feel for pulses?

Answer 4

radial, brachial, carotid, femora, or dorsalis pedis

Question 5

Can vascular beds regulate flow through them?

Answer 5

YES. This is why a patient can have a BP of 80/40 and still be adequately perfused.

Question 6

What bridges the arterial and venous systems?

Answer 6

the capillary beds

Question 7

What is the equation for MABP again?

Answer 7

MABP= CO * TPR

Question 8

What happens to CO initially with increases in HR?

Answer 8

It goes up

Question 9

What happens to CO with excessive increases in HR over time?

Answer 9

it will begin to decrease because we are decreasing cardiac filling time (diastole)

Question 10

Does TPR vary throughout the body at different segments?

Answer 10

YES, to help direct blood flow where it needs to go

Question 11

What would an alpha blocking drug do to TPR?

Answer 11

block vascular smooth muscle restriction and lower the BP

Question 12

What would a beta blocking drug do to the heart?

Answer 12

decrease heart rate to decrease CO, thus lowering BP

Question 13

What is MABP really reflecting?

Answer 13

Ohm’s Law (V=I*R)

Question 14

What happens to TPR when you are relaxed?

Answer 14

it decreases.

Question 15

What happens to TPR when you smoke a cigarette?

Answer 15

nicotine stimulates the autonomic nervous system (nicotinic receptors) causing TPR to increase!

Question 16

What does cocaine do to MABP?

Answer 16

stimulates sympathetics, increasing TPR and thus also MABP!

Question 17

How can we treat hypertension?

Answer 17

decrease CO by decreasing SV, decrease HR (via beta blockers), give vasodilators to decrease TPR, or diuretics to make the patient pee more.

Question 18

Can pulmonary afterload increase separately?

Answer 18

YES causing pulmonary hypertension (ex. sleep apnea pts bc they hold their breath)

Question 19

Can we increase preload using an IV?

Answer 19

YES, which will increase volume of the venous compartment

Question 20

What will the kidneys too if there is too much volume?

Answer 20

they will get rid of it as urine, thus decreasing BP.

Question 21

How does the brain monitor fluid in the body?

Answer 21

via osmolarity

Question 22

What do we do if we have to much blood volume?

Answer 22

get rid of it via the kidneys

Question 23

What do we do if we don’t have enough blood volume?

Answer 23

retain it via the kidneys

Question 24

What will happen if the kidney doesn’t regulate electrolytes (Na+, K+…) appropriately?

Answer 24

You can get dysrhythmias. Then we may need to use a defibrillator to activate the voltage channels to shut things down

Question 25

How do you localize poor blood flow?

Answer 25

Look at the precordial leads on the EKG.

Question 26

What can an echocardiogram help you to do?

Answer 26

find vascular disease, stroke volume (via doppler) and if you know the HR you can compute the CO, EDV, valve function

Question 27

How does cerebral circulation get there?

Answer 27

via the carotids and circle of willis

Question 28

Can the brain autoregulate?

Answer 28

YES, meaning it can maintain a constant blood flow with varying BP. Ex. hanging upside down on the monkey bars will induce vasoconstriction to prevent too much blood flow to the head.

Question 29

How does blood flow through the kidneys?

Answer 29

In through the afferent arteriole, through the capillaries of the glomerulus, out the efferent arteriole and down the vasa recta. These act as the filter to keep your blood clean.

Question 30

What happens if we constrict the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus?

Answer 30

we will decrease renal blood flow, decrease filtration, decrease urinary output, and thus increase BP proximal to that!

Question 31

What happens if we constrict the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus?

Answer 31

it will increase resistance distal to the glomerular capillary beds, increasing the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries and thus increase filtration and urinary output!

Question 32

Can the kidney autoregulate?

Answer 32

YES

Question 33

What is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 33

integument (skin)

Question 34

What will the cutaneous circulation do if its cold outside?

Answer 34

vasoconstrict, to prevent heat from dissipating, keeping heat inside the body

Question 35

What can excessive HR lead to?

Answer 35

decrease time during diastole for coronary perfusion, thus inducing ischemia! (rate induced ischemia)

Question 36

What is the outcome of autoregulation?

Answer 36

This is why blood flow remains relatively unchanged at both low and high BP.

Question 37

What organs have autoregulation?

Answer 37

brain, heart, and kidney

Question 38

Where are the important peripheral vascular beds?

Answer 38

glomerulus, skin, testes, and brain and these work together to redistribute blood flow as needed

Question 39

How does blood flow increase so drastically to the muscles during exercise?

Answer 39

motor end plates getting cholinergic stimulation causing the muscle to contract and relax. ATP gets broken down to ADP, AMP, adenosine, this builds up along with K+, causing the vascular beds to dilate in order to wash out these components to the kidney where it will be removed. So this is the tissue regulation of blood flow.

Question 40

What do the pre-capillary sphincters provide?

Answer 40

regional control/regulation

Question 41

What will the metabolites, K+, and adenosine do?

Answer 41

cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Question 42

What is the functionality of the capillary vascular bed a function of?

Answer 42

regional control (metabolites, K+, adenosine), its autoregulatory capabilities if it can do that (brain, kidney heart), and sympathetic outflow from the brain causing constriction or dilation

Question 43

What are the baroreceptors?

Answer 43

receptors at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries that sense changes in blood pressure and flow and adjust the HR and contractility accordingly