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Network + > Core Concept Protocols > Flashcards

Core Concept Protocols Flashcards

1
Q

First Hop Redundancy

A

Provides redundant gateway services for the LAN.

Is an important part of network failover and disaster recovery

Supported on routers and layer 3 switches

Layer 3 switches share a virtual IP address and a virtual mac address with a standby router

Standby routers picks up the virtual ip and mac address if the active gateway fails

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2
Q

First Hop Redundancy Protocols

A

HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol
VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
GLBP Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
CARP Common Address Redundancy Protocol

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3
Q

HSRP

A

Hot Standby Router Protocol

Allows you to configure two or more routers as standby routers and only a single router as an active router at a time

Establishes a fault tolerant default gateway.

Cisco Proprietary, popular and easy to configure

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4
Q

VRRP

A

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

Open Source. Functions similarly to HSRP

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5
Q

GLBP

A

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

Can present multiple gateways in a single instance and provides load balancing across the gateways

Cisco Propriety

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6
Q

CARP

A

Common Address Redundancy Protocol

Similar to HSRP and VRRP

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7
Q

NAT

A

Network Address Translation

Performed by routers and firewalls

Simplest form, NAT is just a one to one address mapping

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8
Q

Static NAT

A

single specific internet address to a single specific internal address

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9
Q

Dynamic NAT

A

uses a pool of internet addresses to provide to internal devices

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10
Q

PAT

A

Port Address Translation

Tracks the NAT sessions by using random TCP port numbers for each session

Number one use is to translate a group of private addresses into a public address that is routable on the internet

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11
Q

SNAT

A

Source NAT

SNAT is the same as NAT

changes the source address of the packets passing through the router

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12
Q

DNAT

A

Destination NAT

Changes the destination address of the packets passing through the router

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13
Q

Port Forwarding

A

Any traffic arriving on a specific TCP or UDP port will be forwarded to a defined internal host and port

Examples of when to use this, for Web Servers for ports 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS), for a Mail Server port 25 (SMTP), for an IP camera so it’s not hogging the web port 80

Used to access servers or systems that are behind a firewall

Can restrict allowed network resources for added security

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14
Q

DNS

A

Domain Naming System

Resolves IP (Internet Protocol) addresses based on Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)

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15
Q

FQDN

A

Fully Qualified Domain Name

Identifies the specific server or host at the domain

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16
Q

Root Domain

A

.

Literally a dot, a period whatever you wanna call it. It’s invisible, at the very end of the url, but you can type it and it will bring you to the correct website

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17
Q

Top Level Domain

A

Last part of the website

.com, .gov, .org, .edu

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18
Q

Second Level Domain

A

The name of the website, coming before the top level domain

google.com with google being the second level domain

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19
Q

Host Domain

A

The beginning of the website

www. world wide web
mail. mail.google.com
web. something.com

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20
Q

URL

A

Uniform Resource Locator

Includes the FQDN and protocols such as http, https, and ftp

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21
Q

Public DNS Server

A

Resolves public FQDNs to IP addresses

Free to use DNS server on the public internet

Ex: Google DNS

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22
Q

Private DNS Server

A

Private DNS names are associated with an organization/s private IP Addresses

Not part of the public DNS

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23
Q

Split Horizon DNS

A

Split Brain.

A mechanism for DNS servers to supply different results based on the source

The organization may need the internal DNS lookups for the website to map to an internal private IP address, while DNS lookups from the public internet would map to the public IP address

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24
Q

Forward Lookup Zone

A

Resolves FQDNs to IP Addresses

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25
Q

Reverse Lookup Zone

A

Resolves IP addresses to FQDNs

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26
Q

SOA

A

Start of Authority Record

The authoritative name server for a domain. Only one exists per Forward Lookup Zone

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27
Q

NS

A

Name Server Record

Provides for quick FQDN to IP Address resolution

At least one NS is specified per Lookup Zone. Can have multiple NS records for secondary servers

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28
Q

A Record

A

Host record

Simply and FQDN and an Ipv4 address

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29
Q

AAA Record

A

Host reconrd

FQDN and IPv6 address

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30
Q

CNAME

A

Alias Record

www.example.com == example.com

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31
Q

MX

A

Mail Exchange Record

Used to point to a mail server, needs FQDN and ipv4 address

Usually points to an A Record

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32
Q

SRV

A

Service Location Record

Defines the location of various servers

Not used as much as the rest

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33
Q

DDNS

A

Dynamic DNS

Let’s you use a dynamically assigned public IP address with a public DNS record

34
Q

DNS

A

Domain Naming System

Resolves FQDNs to IP addresses. Requires static ip addresses

35
Q

SSH

A

Secure Shell

Command line access to routers, switches, firewalls, and servers

Encrypted session – TCP port 22
More secure than Telnet

36
Q

Telnet

A

Command line access to routers, switches, firewalls, and servers

Clear text/plain text – TCP port 23

Should be disabled for best practice

37
Q

ICMP

A

Internet Control Message Protocol

Allows us to test IP connectivity on the network with things like Ping and Traceroute

Echo Reply and Echo Request are part of ICMP

38
Q

FTP

A

File Transfer Protocol

TCP ports 20 and 21

Connection oriented. Retrieves files from an FTP server on the network. Used to transfer files to routers, switches, firewalls, servers, and hosts

39
Q

TFTP

A

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

UDP Port 69

Connectionless. Less Reliable. Retrieves files from an FTP server on the network. Used to transfer files to routers, switches, firewalls, servers, and hosts

40
Q

Command Line Tools

A

Microsoft uses Command Prompt or PowerShell

Mac/Linux uses the Bash Terminal

41
Q

IPCONFIG

A

Windows

Displays the IP address

ipconfig/all includes the MAC address as well

42
Q

IFCONFIG

A

Mac/Linux

Displays the IP Address

ifconfig -a displays the MAC address as well

43
Q

Ping

A

Lets us test layer 3 connectivity to a host via ip address

44
Q

arp

A

command displays our arp cache

Can enter static arp entries or delete them as well

45
Q

Tracert

A

Windows

Traceroute – in Linux Mac

Shows us all the hops in a path between the host and the destination ip address

Displays all layer 3 hops between the computer and destination can see all router hops

46
Q

Pathping

A

Windows and Mac/Linux

Similar to traceroute but also shows more statics about each hop in the path

47
Q

nslookup

A

Windows and Mac/Linux

Performs a domain name lookup on a host name, finds the ip address of that host name

48
Q

netstat

A

Windows and Mac/Linux

Lets us view all the currently active TCP/UDP sessions on our host

49
Q

nbtstat

A

Displays information related to Windows NetBIOS

Windows Only

50
Q

Remote Desktop Access

A

Allows for logging into a computer’s desktop from a remote location

Remote Desktop Protocol

Microsoft RDP
Remote Desktop Connection (RDP Client)
Remote Desktop Server
VNC
Web-based software - teamviewer

51
Q

VNC

A

VNC (Virtual network computing) Allows for the same type of service and available for a wide range of operating systems

52
Q

Terminal Emulation Software

A

Provides an interface for connecting to local consoles ports and SSH or Telnet sessions

Ex: Putty

53
Q

Protocol Analyzers

A

Capture traffic from a network interface card (NIC) and lets us dissect the contents of Frames and Packets

Ex: Wireshark

54
Q

Looking Glass Sites

A

Let us check the routing tables and routes on national and global services providers networks

Ex: Troubleshooting connectivity on public internet

55
Q

Troubleshooting

A

What, Why, How to fix it

56
Q

Troubleshooting Network Layer

A

Missing route to a specific location, or ip address issues

57
Q

Troubleshooting Physical Layer

A

Cable of physical connection

58
Q

Troubleshooting Data Link Layer

A

NIC settings, switchport, speed/duplex mismatch, VLANS

59
Q

Troubleshooting Transport Layer

A

Firewalls, TCP/UDP ports blocked

60
Q

Troubleshooting Methodology

A

1-7 points

  1. Identify the Problem
  2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
  3. Test the Theory
  4. Establish a Resolution Plan + identify Effects
  5. Implement the Solution (or Escalate)
  6. Verify full system functionality
  7. Document all Findings, Actions, and Outcomes
61
Q
  1. Identify the Problem
A

Gather information
Duplicate the problem if possible
Question Users

62
Q
  1. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
A

Question the obvious
Consider multiple approaches
Top to bottom / bottom to top OSI Model

Divide and Conquer method may be used in this step

63
Q
  1. Test the Theory
A

Once theory is confirmed determine next steps to resolve the issue
If theory is not confirmed, establish a new theory or escalate

64
Q
  1. Establish a Resolution Plan + Identify Effects
A

Identify the possible side effects of the resolution plan

65
Q
  1. Implement the Solution (or Escalate)
A

Implement the solution if you’re able to or escalate to someone who can implement

66
Q
  1. Verify full system functionality
A

Double check the system works as expected
Take Preventative measures where possible
Think: Is there a way we can stop this from happening again?

67
Q
  1. Document all Findings, Actions, and Outcomes
A

If the fix was successful then after documenting the fix you are done

If the fix was not successful, escalate

68
Q

Half Split Method

A

Divide and Conquer

Divide the circuit or topology in half and test

Continue to divide the failed parts in half until the problem component is identified

Troubleshoot the problem component

69
Q

End to End Connectivity issues

A

Use tracecroute, the divide and conquer method, and check layers 1-3 in OSI

70
Q

Wrong IP configuration/default gateway issue

A

Check and update ip settings on the host, layer 2 in osi

71
Q

Misconfigured DHCP issue

A

Check the DHCP server scope settings, OSI layer 3

72
Q

Duplicate IP Address issue

A

Track down the hosts with the duplicate ip addresses and update the ip settings, osi layer 3

73
Q

Speed and DUplex Mismatch issue

A

Check the host NIC and or router/switch interface speed duplex. Hard set the speed/duplex to the correct setting. OSI layer 2

74
Q

Wrong VLAN assignment issue

A

Check the switch port for correct VLAN assignment, osi layer 2 issue

75
Q

Broadcast storms/switching loop

A

Check the switch logs for MAC address flapping as that is a sign of a loop. Identify the loop source and disconnect it until a proper fix is in place. OSI layer 2 issue

76
Q

Hardware Failure

A

Replace device, OSI layer 2 or 3 depending on the device

77
Q

Incorrect router interface or interface misconfigured issue

A

Identify the network or interface having a problem and check the interface IP configuration and cable placement, OSI layer 3

78
Q

Routing loop issue

A

User traceroute to identify the loop and check the routing tables, static routes and dynamic routes on the routers. OSI layer 3

79
Q

Simultaneous wired and wireless connections issue

A

The host needs to be connected to either the wired or wireless network, not both at the same time. OSI layers 1-3

80
Q

Missing IP routes issue

A

Check the routing tables on the routers involved and ensure there is a route, OSI layer 3

81
Q

MTU / MTU Blackhole

A

Some network nodes may require larger MTU than the standard 1500 Bytes. Make sure the MTU configured on the routers and switches meets the requirements of the hosts/nodes, OSI layer 2. MTU size settings refer to Frame sizes and Frames work at the data link layer

82
Q

NIC Teaming misconfiguration issue

A

Identify the machine causing the loop and disable NIC teaming in the OC, OSI layer 1 and 2, NICs function at DAta link layer and physical alyers

Network + (19 decks)

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