Crime And Deviance - Globalisation And Crime Flashcards
(33 cards)
SOCIOLOGIST: What is globalisation defined as by Held & McGrew?
the widening, deepening & speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness
What process does globalisation include?
deterritorialisation
What is deterritorialisation?
the increasing number of social, political & economic activities that are now transnational
What is an issue with an increase in local & global interconnectedness?
the world has become a single territory for legal & illegal behaviour
SOCIOLOGISTS: What do Karofi, Mwanza & Castells say about the nature & extent of global crime?
globalisation has led to a global criminal economy that provides new opportunities & types of crime to emerge e.g. human trafficking
Why is estimates of the international illegal drug trade hard to calculate?
it is a very widely hidden illegal activity
What does the world drug report 2007 from the United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (UNODC) say about the international illegal drug trade?
Drug trade is worth $322 bil each year (higher than GDP in 88% of countries)
What is human trafficking and how is it a globalised crime?
the illegal movement & smuggling of people -> for the illegal smuggling of organs or sexual practice etc.
related global network that deals with the trade of illegal immigrants
What does the National Crime Agency (2014 say about human trafficking?
an estimated 13000 people in Britain are victims of slavery
What is money laundering and how is it a globalised crime?
making £££ which is obtained illegally looking as though it has come -> laundering it as to not attract attention
the deregulation of global £££ markets, banking secrecy & modern tech makes it easier to launder dirty money through complex financial transactions -> difficult for law enforcement to track
What is cybercrime and how is it a globalised crime?
a wide range of criminal acts committed with the help of communication & information tech
it is fast growing -> ‘glocal’ with many offences & offenders in the UK have links outside the country
What are 4 examples of cybercrime?
internet-based fraud
child porn
cyberattacks (viruses/hacking)
identity theft
What does Detica say about cybercrimes?
financial cybercrimes e.g. scams/identity theft cost the UK £27 bill each year
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Castells say about transnational organised crime?
Globalisation has created a transnational network of organised crime which has employed millions & has often colluded with corrupt state officials & legit businesses
SOCIOLOGIST: What are the 2 main forms of global crime networks, suggested by Farr?
Established mafias
Newer organised crime groups
What are established mafias?
E.g. Japanese yakusa
Long established groups, often organised around family/ethnic characteristics
Have adapted their activities & org to take advantage of various new opportunities opened up by globalisation
What are newer organised crime groups?
Emerged since advent of globalisation & collapse of communism -> includes Russian east European & Albanian crime groups & Colombian drug cartels which connect with 1 another & established mafias to form a network of transnational organised crime
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Castells say about established mafias & newer organised crime groups?
Emphasises the increasing international linkages between crime groups have had once regional & local criminal groups in individual countries have become deterritorialised & globalised
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Glenny say about transnational organised crime?
Uses term ‘McMafia’ -> describes how transnational crime groups mirror transnational corps e.g. McDonalds which seek to provide & sell products across the world but instead provide drugs, sex, guns etc.
SOCIOLOGIST: What do Hobbs & Dunnighan say about Glocalism?
Global criminal networks work within local contexts as interdependent local units e.g. international drug & human trafficking trade requires network of drug dealers, pimps etc. organise supply at local level & existing local criminal need to connect to global networks to continue activities
Glocal -> describes interconnectivity between the local & global -> local context to global links
Means precise forms of criminal organisation & actual crimes shaped by cultural, political & £££ circumstances of glocalities where they occur
SOCIOLOGISTS: What does Lash & Urry say about disorganised capitalism & how that has affected crime?
Globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation & fewer state control over business & finance -> disorganised capitalism
Corps operate transnationally in global markets (move money etc. where profits higher labour cost lower) -> health & safety less likely to be followed
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Taylor say about disorganised capitalism & how that has affected crime?
It has led to fewer jobs opportunities & increased job insecurity, increase in unemployment & part time jobs in developed countries & intensified exploitation of labour force in developing countries -> been accompanied by a reduction in state provision (areas e.g. health & welfare) -> undermine social cohesion & combined with with lack of opportunity fuel crime as alternative
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Taylor say about growing inequality & how that has affected crime?
Winners from globalisation are rich financial investors & transnat corps based in western countries
Losers are workers in both developed & developing countries -> exposed to more risks & insecurity in lives -> increased relative deprivation fuels crime
How does supply & demand affect crime?
Increased global inequality (particularly poverty) in developing countries + increased expectations from global media causes people to emigrate to western countries (think they’re better off) -> immigration is more difficult (creates market for illegal human trafficking)
Affluent countries: demand for drugs -> means of £££ supply met by poverty stricken farmers (gain increased £££ growing plants e.g. coca -> cocaine)
Managed by transnat organised crime networks
