Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro Rehab 2 > CVA - 1a Intro to CVAs > Flashcards

CVA - 1a Intro to CVAs Flashcards

1
Q

what is a CVA

A

cerebral vascular accident

sudden loss of neurologic function d/t lack of blood flow to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the path of a CVA in 1 word

A

vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what flag is a CVA

A

red - medical emergency
call 911!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the differential b/w CVA and TIA

A

sx of a CVA persist for >24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the usual duration of TIAs

A

5min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

sx are same as CVA, but resolve w/i 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what flag is a TIA and why

A

red - medical emergency, call 911!

can’t distinguish TIA from stroke-in-evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the CVA morbidity post TIA

A

50% of all CVA occur in first few days after TIA

almost 1/2 (40%) of people will have stroke w/i 5yrs after a TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the main sx of a CVA

A

BE FAST
Balance - loss of balance?
Eyes - visual disturbances?
Face - symmetry?
Arms - raise for 10sec?
Speech - slurred? difficulty swallowing/speaking?
Time = brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what sx are more common in post circulation strokes

A

5Ds
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Dysarthria
Diplopia
Dysphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does a higher education influence the CVAs

A

people w higher education are more aware of early stroke sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does almost 3/4 of strokes occur in the world

A

low and middle income countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does race factor into CVAs

A

black people are 50% more likely to have a stroke than white people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are non modifiable risk factors for CVAs(4)

A

age
family history
african americans
sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is age a risk factor for CVAs

A

risk 2x every 10yrs after 55yo
- 70% occur in >65yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is being african american a risk factor for CVAs

A

AAs have congenital inc risk for sickle cell anemia
- inc risk factor for blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is sex a risk factor for CVAs

A

men > women

ovarian estrogen dec risk of stroke = dec risk in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 5 modifiable risk factors for CVAs

A

smoking
HTN
DM type 2
CVD
SDOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the greatest modifiable risk factor for CVAs

A

HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are modifiable risk factors that contribute to HTN (5)

A

hypercholesterolemia
hyperlipidemia
obesity
heavy EtOH
sedentary lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what CVD is a significant risk for CVAs

A

a-fib
- inc risk for CVAs 5fold
- inc risk of embolus -> embolic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is 1 SDOH that inc risk of CVA

A

health inequities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are 5 races/ethnicities that have and inc risk of CVAs

A

african americans
mexican americans
hispanics
native americans
native alaskans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of CVA is most common

A

ischemic > hemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where in the meninges should be filled w CSF in a normal/healthy human
sub arachnoid space
26
where in the meninges are blood vessels contained in a normal/healthy human
arachnoid mater
27
what are 5 etiologies for an ischemic CVA
thrombotic embolic vasospasm low perfusion coagulopathy
28
what happens during an ischemic stroke
blood flow to corresponding brain territory is blocked - leading to ischemia and infarction
29
what is infarction
obstruction of blood supply to brain d/t clot and causes cell death
30
what is ischemia
inadequate blood flow to brain, doesn't necessarily mean cell death - could just mean dec perfusion and oxygenation
31
what is mortality rate of ischemic CVAs
low
32
what is a thrombus
blood clot commonly caused by atherosclerotic plaques in cerebral blood vessels
33
what is an embolus
travelling clot from outside cerebral circulation
34
what is a common origin of an embolus and why
heart - d/t afib
35
what result does an embolic stroke has on disability
results in greater disability - clots tend to be bigger - get to smaller vessels of brain - more ischemia and dec O2 perfusion bc bigger blockage
36
what are 3 reasons for low perfusion leading to an ischemic stroke
cardiac failure HoTN blood loss
37
how can atherosclerotic plaques lead to a thrombus
atherosclerosis - artery wall thickens d/t chronic inflammation and WBCs -> dec elasticity of artery walls plaque formation = accumulation of lipids, fibrin, calcium deposits on walls -> narrowing of walls -> dec blood flow
38
what could global low perfusion indicate
anoxic brain injury
39
what are vasospasms
blood vessels continuously contract
40
what are 3 etiologies for vasospasms in the brain
SE to drugs SE from hemorrhagic stroke Raynauds dz
41
what is coagulopathy as it relates to causing an ischemic stroke
RBCs get sticky and block blood flow
42
what role does HTN play in the etiology of ischemic strokes
HTN damages arterial linings HTN can push thru build up of cells and lipids large enough to block blood flow
43
how quickly can cell death happen in the brain
w/i 5-6min
44
describe the ischemic stroke pathophysiological process after there is a lack of blood flow
1. lack of blood flow = loss of O2 and glucose 2. neuronal cell death in ischemic core w/i minutes 3. ischemic cascade = impaired energy production and further neural damage/death 4. ischemic penumbra forms in areas adjacent to ischemic core 5. cerebral edema leads to inc ICP (frequent cause of death in large strokes)
45
describe the ischemic cascade in detail
1. changes in neural cell permeability 2. release of excess transmitters 3. inability of brain cells to produce energy 4. influx of Na+ and output of K+ 5. open Ca- channels and allow influx of Ca- 6. RESULTS IN FREE RADICAL DAMAGED CELLS
46
describe the movement of fluid in ischemic strokes and a possible result
movement of fluid from blood into brain tissues and redistribution of CSF on ipsilateral side - bc of edema from one side to other, can have midline shift
47
what is a hemorrhagic CVA
rupture of blood vessel -> bleeding into extravascular spaces of brain
48
what occurs after the initial bleeding in a hemorrhagic CVA (3)
edema ischemia infarction
49
when do you see edema in hemorrhagic strokes and what is the accompanying risk w edema
get edema/swelling if bleed into area that is restricted by skull risk factor for brainstem herniation (life threatening)
50
what happens to the blood cells once they bleed out of the broken vessel in a hemorrhagic stroke
blood is a neurotoxin - blood cells die, swell, and burst -> releasing toxins that further damage brain cells in areas surrounding the hematoma
51
infarction and necrosis in hemorrhagic vs ischemic strokes
much more infarction (tissue death) and necrosis in hemorrhagic - in ischemic, blood reperfusion is possible
52
mortality of hemorrhagic CVAs
higher than ischemic
53
what are 2 types of hemorrhagic strokes
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
54
what is an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
rupture of cerebral blood vessel w bleeding into brain
55
what is a subarachnoid hemorrage (SAH)
rupture of vessel on brain surface w bleeding into subarachnoid space
56
what is the problem w SAH and what does this result in
not much space b/w pia and arachnoid, and dura maters - causes swelling throughout whole brain and can be very damaging
57
what is the most common cause of a SAH
aneurysm (80% of time)
58
what does it mean if a SAH is caused by trauma
this is a TBI not a stroke - not vascular in nature, secondary to trauma
59
why are both ICH and SAH dangerous in nature
both can cause brainstem herniation and cell death - blood accumulates and presses on surrounding tissues - restriction of blood flow to areas
60
what is a subdural hematoma/hemorrhage (SDH)
bleeding usually caused by head trauma b/w dura and arachnoid layers - TBI not a stroke
61
what are 4 causes of hemorrhagic stroke
HTN cocaine use aneurysm arteriovenous malformation (AVM) *trauma - but TBI not a stroke*
62
how can HTN lead to a hemorrhagic stroke
overstretching internal elastic membrane of blood vessels -> aneurysm -> stroke
63
how can cocaine use lead to a hemorrhagic stroke
vasoconstriction -> HTN -> overstretching internal elastic membrane of blood vessels -> aneurysm -> stroke
64
what is an aneurysm
bulge in wall of blood vessel, that over time can weaken wall and burst can be congenital or d/t atherosclerosis
65
what is an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
abnormal connection of blood vessels tangle of blood vessels in brain that bypasses normal brain tissues and directly diverts blood from arteries to veins
66
do AVM change? how?
don't grow or change much - vessels might grow, dilate, or shrink d/t clots
67
what will AVMs most likely lead to
ICH - bleeding caused by weakened vessels that burst d/t high pressure of blood flow in arteries
68
how can AVMs be dx
CAT scan MRI cerebral angiogram
69
treatment for AVMS?
typically treated if accessible and not too large if can't be treated: - avoid activities that elevate BP - avoid blood thinners
70
etiology of AVMs
congenital
71
how common are each of the etiologies of non-traumatic ICHs
HTN = aneurysm AVM (less than either)
72
what is the MAIN difference in sx b/w SAH and ICH
SAH will come in saying worst HA of their life - "thunderclap headache"
73
what are the 3 main different sx of SAH compared to ICH
thunderclap HA diplopia stiff neck, LBP
74
why do you see stiff neck and LBP in SAH
accumulation of blood in CSF -> meningeal irritation that travels down SC
75
how is ICP impacted in ICH vs SAH
elevated ICP in both
76
describe 7 sx seen in ICH
severe HA difficulty speaking confusion impaired vision large pupils n/v, sz LOC
77
describe 8 sx seen in SAH
*thunderclap HA facial/eye pain *diplopia impaired peripheral vision confused, difficulty to arouse restless *stiff neck, LBP vomitting, dizziness
78
edema in ischemic vs hemorrhagic strokes
edema local in ischemic - global in hemorrhagic
79
what is the pathophys of a hemorrhagic stroke
1. release of blood causes destruction of brain tissue 2. toxins in released blood cause edema in response to inflammatory brain processes from these cellular changes 3. inc ICP from added volume of blood being released 4. severe edema restricts blood flow to remote areas and leads to global anoxia 5. greater risk of brainstem herniation and death
80
how can SAH lead to hydrocephalus
blood enters CSF pathway or the CSF pathway is obstructed -> potentially blocking sites of CSF absorption -> restricts CSF flow -> hydrocephalus
81
what is hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF w/i cavities in brain -> pressure inc -> ventricles enlarge -> inc ICP
82
what is a consideration of blood in the CSF other than causing a secondary sequelae of hydrocephalus
blood in CSF irritates meninges -> LE pain
83
what are 2 concerns with hydrocephalus
can lead to herniation and death
84
treatment for hydrocephalus
EVDs - tube placed into ventricles to drain some of fluid and dec ICP

Neuro Rehab 2 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions