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POD Exam I > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Over production of cytokines:

A

Cytokine Storm

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2
Q

Cytokine families (4):

A
  1. Interleukins.
  2. Colony stimulating factor.
  3. Interferons.
  4. TNF.
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3
Q

Interleukins:

A

Made by leukocytes, having effects on other leukocytes.

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4
Q

Colony stimulating factors:

A
  • Stimulate granulocyte, monocyte and dendritic cell production and differentiation.
  • GMCSF, GCSF, MCSF
  • Granulocyte Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor.
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5
Q

Interferons:

A
  • Alpha, beta and gamma
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6
Q

Th1 cells release cytokines which aid:

A

Cell mediated immunity (CMI)

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7
Q

Th2 cells release cytokines which support:

A

Humoral immunity

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8
Q

Th17 promotes:

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

Enhanced by tumors, turns off Th1 release:

A

Th2

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10
Q

Th1 cells produce cytokines that promote immune responses against intracellular pathogens (2):

A
  1. IFN-gamma

2. IL-2

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11
Q

Th2 cells produce cytokines that promote immune responses against extracellular pathogens (4):

A
  1. IL-4
  2. IL-5
  3. IL-6
  4. IL-13
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12
Q

Cytokines produced by both Th1 and Th2 cells and use:

A
  • GMCSF and IL-3.

- Act on bone marrow to increase production of leukocytes.

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13
Q

GMCSF:

A

Increased production of granulocytes and macrophages and dendritic cells on the hematopoietic cells.

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14
Q

The alpha chain of cytokine receptors:

A

Determines specificity and is different for each receptor type.

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15
Q

Binding of cytokine to receptor:

A
  • Internalization.

- Re-expression of new receptors within a few hours.

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16
Q

IL-2 receptor is composed of:

A

3 subunits: alpha, beta and gamma chains.

17
Q

Low affinity IL-2 receptor:

A

Monomeric, IL-2R-Alpha

18
Q

Medium affinity IL-2 receptor:

A

Dimeric, IL-2R-AlphaBeta

19
Q

High affinity IL-2 receptor:

A

Trimeric, IL2R-AlphaBetaGamma

20
Q

Chemokines:

A

Cytokines that induce cell movement along a gradient.

- Act as inflammatory mediators AND mediators of constitutive leukocyte migration.

21
Q

Two major types of chemokines:

A
  1. Inflammatory

2. Lymphoid

22
Q

Inflammatory chemokines:

A
  • Not expressed in normal tissues.
  • Stimulate inflammation.
  • Activity regulated by chemokine expression.
23
Q

Lymphoid chemokines:

A
  • Expressed in lymphoid organs.
  • Mediate lymphocyte recirculation.
  • Maintain lymphoid structures.
  • Constitutively expressed.
  • Action regulated by receptor expression.
24
Q

IL-1

A

Monocytes and Activated macrophages.

  • Increase blood flow.
  • Increase expression of adhesion molecules.
  • Fever.
  • Increase cytokine production.
  • Neutrophil mobilization.
25
Q

IL-2

A
  • Growth and differentiation of T cells.

- Th0 –> Th1

26
Q

IL-4

A
  • Basophil development.
  • Eosinophil chemotaxis.
  • Cell fusions in granulomas.
  • Fever.
  • Down regulates neutrophil superoxide production.
  • Th0 –> Th2.
  • Monocytes –> dendritic cells (with GMCSF)
27
Q

IL-6

A

T cells, endothelial cells.

  • Monocyte differentiation.
  • Increase platelets.
  • Increase fibriniogen.
  • Neutrophil mobilization.
  • Fever.
28
Q

IL-10

A

Macrophages, T cells.

- Inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

29
Q

IL-12

A

Macrophages, B cells

- Proliferation of NK cells, Th cells and CTLs.

30
Q

IL-21

A

Th0 –> Tfh

31
Q

IL-23

A

Th0 –> Th17

32
Q

TNF-alpha, TNF-beta

A

Macrophages

  • See IL-1.
  • Apoptosis.
  • Activation of macrophages.
33
Q

TGF-beta

A
  • Suppress hematopoiesis.
  • Inhibits neutrophil accumulation.
  • Inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Th0 –> Treg
  • Inhibits B cell growth.
  • IgA switch factor.
34
Q

INF-alpha, INF-beta

A
  • Inhibit viral replication.

- Activate NK cells

35
Q

INF-gamma

A

T cells, NK cells

  • Upregulates MHC proteins.
  • Activates macrophages.

POD Exam I (15 decks)

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