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Clinical Pathology - Exam 2 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

the body fluid most commonly sampled for cytology is..

A

venous blood

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2
Q

cells may be mechanically removed for cytology by what methods?

A

aspirates
scrapes
washing

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3
Q

when analyzing a fluid, you measure total protein by…

A

refractometry

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4
Q

why do pure transudates form?

A

due to hypoalbuminemia

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5
Q

why do modified transudates form?

A

due to impaired blood or lymph

-obstructing tumor example

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6
Q

why do exudates form?

A

due to increased capillary permeability –> excess cytokines

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7
Q

compare and contrast transudate vs. exudate

A

transudate: clear appearance, total protein 3 g/dL, NCC >6000/uL, clot formation = YES

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8
Q

If you suspect a chylous effusion, what test would you like to run?

A

triglyceride measurement

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9
Q

If you suspect a ruptured bile duct/bile leakage, what test would you like to run?

A

bilirubin measurement

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10
Q

if you suspect uroabdomen, what test would you like to run?

A

creatinine measurement

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11
Q

When taking an aspirate on a cat, what do you want to avoid? Want to remain anterior to the _____.

A

avoid the heart and liver when aspirating

remain anterior to the liver!

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12
Q

If you need fluid from the thoracic cavity, what do you ask your tech. to bring you and why?

A

a catheter (it’s better than a needle) to avoid pneumothorax

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13
Q

Aspiration biopsies are performed using (what gauge needle and what mL syringe) and are useful for obtaining cells from…

A

Aspirates are performed using 21-25 gauge needles and a 12 mL syringe.
Useful for obtaining cells from masses, internal organs, and lymph nodes

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14
Q

advantages of the capillary method when obtaining an aspirate include..

A

less hemodilution of a sample and increased cellularity

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15
Q

What are the slide prep. techniques?

A

push films
“line” films
pull films
cytospin preps

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16
Q

Push Films are similar to blood films, what are the advantages/disadvantages of push films?

A

big cells at the edge - advantage

cells broken at the edge - disadvantage

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17
Q

How do you perform a pull film? Advantages/Disadvantages?

A

place a drop of fluid on slide, place another slide on top, allow drop to spread, pull slides gently apart

Adv.- cells nicely spread out
DisAdv. - no concentration of big cells

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18
Q

What is the deal with the cytospin preps?

A

concentrates cells nicely especially for CSF

it is very expensive

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19
Q

bacteria stain ____ with Wright’s stain and are easier to visualize than with Gram Stain; but when bacteria die Gram+ may appear as _____

A

bacteria stain BLUE w/ wright’s and are easier to visualize than w/ Gram; but when bacteria die Gram+ may appear as Gram -

20
Q

What is the only disadvantage of Diff Quik, Quick Dip stain?

A

may not stain mast cell granules

21
Q

scrapings are useful for obtaining cells from…what tools do you use?

A

firm surfaces
Ex:conjunctival scrapings & firm cutaneous lesions

Use scalpel blades or spatulas

22
Q

swabs are used to obtain cells from…

A

mucosal surfaces (vagina, rectum, nose)

23
Q

what are imprints?

A

made of superficial cutaneous lesions or from tissues removed at surgery or necropsy

may be diagnostic but only reflect surface inflammation and contamination

24
Q

Suppurative inflammation is AKA ________

What cells predominate?

A

Suppurative Inflamm. is AKA Neutrophilic

Neutrophils predominate

25
Q

Mixed Inflammation means you see what cells?

A

segs, lymphs, macs, maybe eos

26
Q

Mononuclear Inflammation has _________________ cells predominately.

A

mononuclear inflammation has macrophages and lymphocytes predominately

27
Q

Why are transitional epithelial cells on a cytology misleading?

A

they appear malignant bc they divide rapidly and exhibit malignant features BUT they are BENIGN

28
Q

In body cavity effusions, what cells are often confused as carcinoma cells?

A

Mesothelial cells

29
Q

Successful cytology is only when cells are ________ thick and not _____.

A

successful cytology is only when cells are 1 layer thick and not broken

30
Q

When are you most likely to get a thick preparation?

A

lymph nodes, bone marrow, and mass aspirates are thick

squirt preps are thick

31
Q

In general, the more inflammatory cells that are present, the less likely it is that the lesion is _________. The exception to this is…?

A

The more inflammatory cells that are present, the less likely it is that the lesion is NEOPLASTIC.
The exception = SCC which elicits an inflammatory response.

32
Q

In septic inflammatory lesions, neutrophils undergo rapid degeneration and eventual rupture through a process called karyolysis. If you see karyolysis, you should look hard for….

A

bacteria in the cytoplasm of the neutrophils

stain blue with Wright’s stain

33
Q

Plasma cells are most commonly seen in ______________ and indicate antibody production as a result of _____________.

A

plasma cells are most commonly seen in chronic inflammatory lesions and indicate antibody production as a result of antigenic stimulation

34
Q

Eosinophils are present in cytologies when…

A

allergic responses occur

present in large numbers with mast cell tumors

35
Q

What are almost always the predominate cell type in aspirates of mast cell tumors?

A

mast cells

36
Q

In a pt. w/ enterocentesis or septic peritonitis, describe what leukogram you expect…

A

inflammatory leukogram and likely neutropenia w/ a left shift

37
Q

most bacteria are phagocytized by neutrophils. what is the exception?

A

mycobacteria - phagocytized by macrophages

38
Q

What is the criteria of malignancy?

A

variable nuclear size (anisokaryosis)
large multiple nuclei
abnormal mitoses
nuclear molding

39
Q

what cell types do you encounter in neoplastic effusions?

A

lymphoblasts

carcinoma cells

40
Q 
3yo cat presents with abdominal effusion and dyspnea.  
T Pro 5.5 g/dL
NCC 8900/uL
40% neutrophils
20% lymphocytes
40% lrg. mononuclear cells

What is your diagnosis?

A

FIP!

Cats with high protein and relatively low cell concentrations = FIP!!!

41
Q

2yo cat with acute anorexia, weight loss and dyspnea.
T Pro 3.6 g/dL
NCC 15,700/uL

Small Lymphocytes on Histo.
What test do you want to run?

A

Test - cholesterol: triglyceride ratio

42
Q

If chylous effusion is prolonged, you expect to see….

A

inflammatory cells - neutrophils and macrophages

43
Q

2yo cat with acute anorexia, weight loss and dyspnea.
T Pro 3.6 g/dL
NCC 15,700/uL

Small Lymphocytes on Histo.
cholesterol: triglyceride ratio = 
TP 5g/dL
NCC 9000/uL
fluid triglyceride concentration > than that of serum

Does the cholesterol: triglyceride ratio confirm the presence of chyle?
If an animal is eating, where do you expect to find chyle?
Diagnosis?

A

Chyle presence confirmed
If an animal is eating, you expect to find chyle in the triglycerides.
Diagnosis : chylous effusion

44
Q

Chylous effusion…what cells? What if it is secondary to lymphoma?

A

acute - small lymphocytes
prolonged - inflammatory cells (neuts and macs)

if chylous effusion is secondary to lymphoma, lymphoblasts are normally present

45
Q 
8yo German Shepherd with acute weakness, enlarged abdomen, pale MMs and dyspnea.
CBC
PCV - 18%
TP - 5.8 g/dL
Abdominal fluid analysis
Red, cloudy
TP - 6 g/dL
NCC - 10000/uL
PCV - 24%

Histo: Macrophages that have phagocytized erythrocytes and contain hemosiderin.

You convince the owner that you need to perform exploratory surgery and take an imprint from a mass on the liver. The imprint shows spindle shaped sarcoma cells.
Diagnosis?

A

Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen and liver that ruptured, resulting in hemoabdomen.

Remove the spleen and liver lobe.

Clinical Pathology - Exam 2 (7 decks)

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