D1.2 Protein synthesis SL

Question 1

Transcription in Biology

Answer 1

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template

Question 2

Role of Hydrogen Bonding in Transcription

Answer 2

Hydrogen bonds facilitate the unwinding of DNA strands, allowing RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA

Question 3

Complementary Base Pairing in Transcription

Answer 3

A process where RNA nucleotides pair with complementary DNA bases, with uracil replacing thymine in RNA

Question 4

Stability of DNA during Transcription

Answer 4

DNA remains stable and unchanged during transcription, ensuring consistent protein synthesis

Question 5

RNA Polymerase Function

Answer 5

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA by reading the DNA template strand during transcription

Question 6

mRNA in Translation

Answer 6

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.

Question 7

Ribosome’s role in Translation

Answer 7

Ribosomes are cellular structures where translation occurs, linking amino acids together to form proteins based on the sequence of the mRNA

Question 8

tRNA’s Function

Answer 8

Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation

Question 9

Role of tRNA in Protein Synthesis

Answer 9

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon with codons on mRNA, ensuring correct amino acid sequence in proteins

Question 10

Gene Expression Control

Answer 10

The regulation of transcription and translation, determining which genes are expressed at what times and in what cells, impacting protein synthesis

Question 11

Codon

Answer 11

three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that determines a specific amino acid or signals protein synthesis to stop. It’s crucial for converting genetic code into proteins.

Question 12

Complementary Base Pairing

Answer 12

In protein synthesis, it refers to the matching of codons on mRNA with anticodons on tRNA, ensuring accurate amino acid sequence

Question 13

Degeneracy of the Genetic Code

Answer 13

Refers to the fact that multiple codons can encode the same amino acid, providing a safeguard against mutations

Question 14

Universality of the Genetic Code

Answer 14

The genetic code is consistent across all organisms, indicating a common ancestry

Question 15

Deducing Amino Acid Sequence

Answer 15

Process of determining the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain based on the sequence of codons in mRNA

Question 16

Elongation in Translation

Answer 16

ribosome moves along mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, with tRNAs delivering specific amino acids corresponding to mRNA codons

Question 17

Point Mutation Impact

Answer 17

A single nucleotide change in DNA or RNA. Can significantly alter a polypeptide by changing an amino acid, potentially causing functional changes in the protein

Question 18

Codon-Anticodon Pairing

Answer 18

Three nucleotides on mRNA (codon) with complementary three nucleotides on tRNA (anticodon) during translation, ensuring the correct amino acid sequence in a polypeptide

Question 19

Significance of Peptide Bonds

Answer 19

Peptide bonds link amino acids during protein synthesis, forming the primary structure of proteins and determining their function

Question 20

Translation Stages and tRNA Charging

Answer 20

three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. It also includes tRNA charging, where amino acids are linked to correct tRNAs for polypeptide assembly.