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Animals in Society > Dairy Industry > Flashcards

Dairy Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the aim of the dairy industry?

A

produce profitable milk that is safe to consume, form healthy cows kept under high welfare standards

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2
Q

how do you calculate profit

A

production x (price - cost)

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3
Q

what is the acceptable somatic cell count

A

150,000 - 200,000 cells/ml

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4
Q

what does low somatic cell count show

A

bacterial health
hygiene
udder health

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5
Q

how many times a day should a cow be milked?

A

2-3 times a day

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6
Q

name some different types of milking systems

A

side by side
herringbone
rotatory parlour
trigon parlour

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7
Q

what is the top 25% of farmers making per L of milk

A

5p/L

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8
Q

what is a milk cluster?

A

machine that pulsates on the teat to squeeze the milk out

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9
Q

what is the KPI for 1st calving age

A

2.1 year

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10
Q

what is the KPI for protein percentage

A

3.39%

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11
Q

what is the KPI for fat

A

4.17%

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12
Q

what is the cattle balance point?

A

Shoulder

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13
Q

how old is the cattle when it is bred?

A

15 months

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14
Q

what is the average cattle lifespand?

A

6 years

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15
Q

How long is cattle lactation?

A

10 months

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16
Q

what is buffer feeding?

A

giving any extra nutrients

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17
Q

what are cattle nutrient requirements

A

fibre + starch for energy
protein
Ca, P, Mg
vitamins
trace elements - vitamins + minerals ( Cu, Co, Vit E)

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18
Q

when does a cow become dry?
what are its dietary requirements?

A

last 60 days of gestation
hay, straw - fill rumen without excess energy
low in minerals

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19
Q

when does a cow become a transition cow
what are the dietary requirements?

A

3 weeks before birth to the 2nd week of lactation
more concentrates, higher energy to support rumen growth in calf
low potassium

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20
Q

how to calculate dry matter intake

A

2.5% of body weight + 10% milk yield

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21
Q

what is peripartum milk fever?

A

unable to adapt to increasing milk production.
So cannot metabolism enough metabolism for milk, means also becomes deficient in Ca for bones also.

leads metabolic disease (cows cant stand)

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22
Q

what is the purpose of Mg in Ca metabolism?

A

changes parathyroid hormone receptor to enable calcium metabolism from bone

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23
Q

how long is the cow oestrus cycle?

A

18-24 days

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24
Q

what are some signs of ovulation, and how can they be tracked?

A

stand to be mounted - tail paint (will be rubbed off) + heat mount detectors
increased activity - pedometers

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25
what is the farmers rate of detecting heat (ovulation)
70%
26
how is bull fertility measured?
physical exam semen collection semen evaluation
27
what is profitable lifetime index?
the way to evaluate the best bull
28
what is mastitis?
mammary gland infection
29
what are the economic risks of mastitis
discarded milk vet/ drug bills
30
how can mastitis spread?
through milk clusters the environment - lying in faeces
31
how is mastitis treated in lactating cows?
intra-mammary antibiotics
32
how is mastitis treated in dry cows?
internal mammary seal - OrbeSeal
33
How can you prevent spread of mastitis?
good parlour hygiene: wash and dry teat and milker
34
what is lameness?
abnormality in a cows hoof
35
what can cause lameness?
environment nutrition genetics management
36
what is parturition?
birth
37
what are some post parturition protocols?
Naval iodine weigh the calves ear tags
38
what are the rates of twinning?
5%
39
what is the fat % in colostrum
6.7%
40
what is the protein % in colostrum
14%
41
how many g of immunoglobulins per L of colostrum
32 g/L
42
how long after birth can cows absorb antibodies?
6 hours
43
what are the 3 Qs when feeding colostrum
quality, quantity, quickly
44
how can colostrum be quality checked?
with a Brix refractor tested by a colostrometer
45
what temperature should colostrum be fed at?
38 C (body temp)
46
why cant colostrum be heated up?
heat will destroy the antibodies
47
what temperature should colostrum be refrigerated at and for how long?
4 degrees C 24 hours
48
how long can colostrum be frozen for?
1 year
49
how should colostrum be stored?
in 1-2L zip lock bags
50
how long do you feed transition milk?
3 days
51
how much milk replacer is fed? and at what temperature?
minimun 3L 2x a day (150g/L) fed at 40 degrees C
52
how can milk replacer be fed?
Teat - allows oesophageal duct to close preventing milk from entering the rumen computerised or adlib
53
why would you use milk replacer powder?
cheaper then whole milk less diseases transmission consistent in nutrients/ protein
54
what are the 2 types of milk replacer? and what are the differences?
Skim - expensive, butter/ cream byproduct Whey - Cheese byproduct
55
How does the rumen develope?
straw and concentrate diet for fibre and Volatile Fatty Acid production that aids in papillae development.
56
when are calves weaned?
8-10 weeks
57
what is diarrhoea is calves called?
Scours
58
what are the advantages of single penning?
reduces diseased transmission no bullying prevent naval sucking
59
what are the advantages of group penning?
can exhibit natural behaviours can groom each other cheaper
60
what is heifer rearing?
the time to allow a heifer to reach full lactation
61
how long is calf puberty?
3-10 months old
62
what are the pre-weaning growth rates for healthy milk yields?
1kg a day

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