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Flashcards in Decision Making & Treatment Choices Deck (19)
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1
Q

What are the three different types of decisions?

A

Certain
Uncertain
Risky

2
Q

What is Expected Utility Theory (EUT)? Neumann and Morgenstern

A

Links choice with value and the probability of each option, based on the rules of logic (how people SHOULD make decisions)

3
Q

What is the maximum expected utility (MEU) choice?

A

the option with the greatest or maximum value should be chosen - the ‘correct’/’rational’ choice

4
Q

What assumptions are made for rational decision making?

A

People are motivated to follow rules
People have full knowledge of all options
People’s representations of options, risk and benefits are accurate
People know what their values are, and the values are stable

5
Q

How do people ACTUALLY make decisions?

A

From experiences (same/different decision)
Gut reaction
Sometimes don’t know why
Sometimes think hard

6
Q

Why don’t people use EUT (expected utility theory) on a regular basis?

A

Don’t have the processing capacity, and its a lot of effort

7
Q

What are 3 simpler, decision making strategies?

A

Satisfying - choose a satisfactory criterion and choose the first option that matches

Elimination by aspects - choose one attribute and compare the choices with it

Heuristic - use a rule of thumb e.g. friend said X, done X before

8
Q

What is information processing strategy system 1?

A

Intuitive-experience strategy - fast decision making
Choice usually made on a rule of thumb triggered by a bit of information bu someone, informed by experience or beliefs
(subconscious, quick, little effort)

9
Q

What type of choice is likely to be made using information processing system 1?

A

More likely to regret it - wrong choice

10
Q

What is information processing system 2?

A

Deliberative and analytic, slow, attends to details of the problem and evaluates pros and cons, makes choice based on trade offs between evaluations

conscious, time-consuming, emotionally demanding

11
Q

What type of choice is likely to be made using system 2 information processing?

A

More stable choice - happier with choice, less likely to regret it

12
Q

What can cause bias in decision making?

A

How information is presented e.g. facts and figures
Context in which the information is given (heuristics, risk perception) - people pick up on cues which can affect their decisions

13
Q

Is it the figures indicating risk or the perception of risk that influences choice?

A

Perception

14
Q

What is an informed decision based upon?

A

All advantages and disadvantages and consequences
Evaluating options with own values
Trade off evaluations to make a choice and act on it

15
Q

When does decision making go wrong?

A

Missing information/limited search for information
Judgements or inferences are biased
Think too much and find counter evidence that does not add more to the decision representation

16
Q

What are the 3 types of errors made in diagnosis by doctors?

A
No fault (silent disease, not known, poor patient data)
System fault (missed appointment, delay in x ray etc)
Cognitive fault (misdiagnosis from poor data collection/interpretation, flawed reasoning, incomplete knowledge)
17
Q

What is Croskerry’s dual process model of diagnostic reasoning? (2009)

A

Model for diagnosis that takes into account context, ability and pattern processing - some diagnoses are a lot more likely and therefore more likely to be spotted

18
Q

What is dysrationalia override?

A

You use the wrong conscious judgement - relying on context rather than the patient (e.g. think someone is drunk because its a friday night)

19
Q

What is required for people to have active open mindedness ?

A

Search for more options
Look for counter evidence (pros and cons of each option)
Balance effort of information searching with appeal of cognitive miser