Destroyer Problems Flashcards

Question

In an erythrocyte, where does the TCA cycle (krebs cycle) occur? a. matrix of mitochondria b. inner membrane of mitochondria c. cell membrane d. cytosol e. none of these

Answer 1

e. none of these | - RBC don't have mitochondria. RBC derive energy from glycolysis; anaerobic respiration occuring in cytosol.

Answer 2

c. if an E. Coli is put in warmer environment, compensation would be to incre unsat fatty acid content of its membrane - in warmer environment, organism would want to incre % of saturated acids to ensure membrane doesn't get too fluid.

Answer 3

e. nutrient-laden blood from villi is transported to renal system for clearance - villus of small intestine contain a capillary network and lacteal that absorb nutrients. nutrients carried to bloodstream. nutrient rich blood goes through hepatic portal vein to liver which will regulate blood nutrient content. excess glucose removed from blood and stored in liver as glycogen. liver will remove excess glucose and amino acids from blood to prevent tissue damage. blood leaves liver and goes to heart which pump to rest of body. - villi -> bloodstream -> liver -> heart -> body

Answer 4

e. denitrifying bacteria - denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates or nitrites to free N2. in order for this to occur, there must be insufficient O2 present causing use of NO3- or NO2- instead of O2 - Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N2 to nitrogen-containing species needed by plant.

Answer 5

e. ascending loop of henle: permeable to H2O - cells of ascending loop are impermebale to H2O. as urine descends loop of henle, it becomes more and more concentrated and becomes less concentrated in the ascending branch. ascending branch is permeable to NaCl (active transport) -> hyperosmotic environment pulling H2O out of descending loop.

Answer 6

b. CCTAGG - a palindrome sequence is read the same from left to right as from right to left. complementary sequence is: GGATCC CCTAGG GGATCC

Answer 7

e. b and c - distance between two z lines will define a sarcomere - during muscle contraction, I band and H zone shorten while the A band stays the same.

Answer 8

c. hemoglobin - chlorophyll is similar to the heme group in myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochromes. in chlorophyll, the metal is Mg rather than Fe.

Answer 9

c. reptiles | - birds may have descended from dinosaurs

Answer 10

b. Ca++ - a wave of Ca++ is released from the endoplasmic reticulum and functions as second messenger. a high conc of Ca++ is vital for the cortical reaction to occur. - cortical reaction prevents polyspermy.

Answer 11

e. b and c - prokaryotes don't have mitochondria and do not carry out TCA cycle, but they do carry out glycolysis and have their own electron transport system

Answer 12

b. hypothalamus - hypothalamus is the link between the endocrine and the nervous system. the hypothalamus will regulate the heart, arterial blood pressure, produce neurosecretoy substances, regulate H2O and electolyte balance, body temperature, and maintain homeostasis.

Answer 13

c. duodenum | - bile is brought to first part of small intestine by the common bile duct

Answer 14

c. e- flow continue, ATP synthesis cease | - uncoupling agents prevent the generation of H+ gradient

Answer 15

b. thylakoid membrane -

Answer 16

d. moss: seed-containing vascular plant | - moss and ferns don't have seeds

Answer 17

b. hormones - lslet of Langerhans cells are collection of cells in pancreas. alpha cells will produce glucagon and beta cells will produce insulin. Leydig cells are present at puberty and produce testosterone

Answer 18

c. actively contracting muscle tissue has a higher amount of pyruvate than resting muscle tissue (false) - in active muscle, there is a high amount of lactate. Lactate formation produces NAD+ which is necessary for glycolysis to continue.

Answer 19

b. freshwater and marine habitats - cyanobacteria or "blue-green" algae are aquatic as well as photosynthetic. they are the oldest known fossils and generated the O2 in the early earth. Nutrient rich bodies of water such as ponds or lakes may support rapid growth of cyanobacteria and make the water green or blue-green within a short period of time.

Answer 20

e. all are true - when amino acids are absorbed by liver cells, a series of chemical reactions take place. first, the amino group is removed; this is called deamination. the amino group is then reduced to NH3. NH3 is made into urea in the liver by the ornithine cycle. the urea can diffuse into the blood and be excreted as urine. the rest of the amino acid is recycled or oxidized for energy needs. amino acids can also produce glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis (liver)

Answer 21

d. b and c - metabolic acidosis is due to excess H+ in blood. during metabolic alkalosis, the bicarbonate ion is greater than the carbonic acid concentration. vomiting causes loss of stomach acid, hence alkalosis, not acidosis will occur. In hyperventilation, you lose CO and you breathe rapidly which will cause respiratory alklalosis. Only choice "a" is correct.

Answer 22

e. all of the above - some sweat glands are apocrine -> responds to stress, some are eccrine -> maintain body temperature. - as we age, the activity of sweat glands decrease, and may become replaced by fibrous tissue. also, as one ages, the skin becomes dry and loses oils: this is due to decrease in sebaceous gland activity. - as the body temperature increases, blood vessels dilate, this allows blood to enter the dermis and can dissipate some of the heat.

Answer 23

c. roundworms and flatworms

Answer 24

e. A, B, and C | - Acetyl coA accumulates in matrix since pyruvate decarboxylates to enter the krebs cycle as acetyl coA.

Answer 25

c. stratum germinativum - the deepest layer of the epidermis is called germinativum. this layer contains the melanocytes. the stratum corneum is the outermost layer containing the dead epithelial cells. the dermis is below the epidermis. the dermis consists of connective tissue, containing erector muscles, hair follicles, sensory receptors, sweat and sebaceious glands.

Answer 26

a. pleurae - the lungs have a thin, smooth membranous outer covering called pleurae. Alveoli are the basic respiratory units where actual gas exchange occurs by passive diffusion. A sinus is a cavity or hollow space in bone. Peritoneum is the tissue that covers all the digestive organs and lines the body cavity. The fleshy, outer portion of the external ear is the pinna.

Answer 27

e. as stroke volume increases, cardiac output decreases - stroke volume is the volume of blood discharged from the ventricles w/ each contraction. the volume that is discharged from the ventricle each minute is the cardiac output. cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Answer 28

b. pyloric sphincter | - pyloric sphincter prevents food regurgitation from the intestine back into the stomach

Answer 29

X-linked recessive

Answer 30

a. a robin - mammals and birds have four chambered hearts. Fish have two chambered hearts. Amphibians and reptiles have three chambered hearts.

Answer 31

a. ferns - ferns are vascular plants that contain xylem and phloem tissue. They reproduce by spores. Ferns lack seeds and flowers. The life cycle is referred to as alternation of generations which include a sporophytic and gametophytic phase. Angiosperms and gymnosperms are seed-producing plants.

Answer 32

d. nervous, epithelium, muscle, and connective tissue

Answer 33

a. flower - angiosperms are the flowering plants which are divided into monocots and dicots. The flower is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

Answer 34

b. More ungulates live in the taiga than any other biome | - ungulates are large-hooved plant-eating mammals such as giraffes seen in the African savanna.

Answer 35

b. Haldane

Answer 36

c. parenchyma cells: no nucleus, carry metabolic fxns - mature xylem and sieve tube cells have no nucleus. the sap of a plant is transported by sieve tube cells. parenchyma cells carry out metabolic fxns such as synthesis of organic compounds. The photosynthetic cells in a leaf are actually parenchyma cells. Parenchyma cells do have a nucleus. Secondary xylem makes up most of the wood in a tree. CO2 enters the leaf and oxygen exits by the stomata.

Answer 37

e. all are correct | - important question. memorize all.

Answer 38

e. inactivation of potassium channels is responsible for the absolute refractory period - inactivation of sodium channels is solely responsible for the absolute refractory period---> no action potential possible - nissl bodies are rough endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in neuron protein synthesis. - microglia are the "residet" macrophages of the CNS.

Answer 39

c. RNA polymerase will proofread in a similar fashion as DNA polymerase - RNA polymerase does not have proofreading ability. Therefore, RNA synthesis has a greater error level than that of DNA.

Answer 40

e. all are true

Answer 41

e. Humoral immunity involves T-lymphocytes - humoral immunity is responsible for the production of immunoglobins or antibodies---> bind antigen (foreign) and destroy it. - T-lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity. They do not produce antibodies, B lymphocytes produce antibodies.

Answer 42

d. NH3 is most abundant waste product of metabolism (false) - CO2 is the most abundant waste product.

Answer 43

b. neutrophils - principal innate immune system cell is the neutorphil, which is the most numerous of the white blood cells and is directly involved in combating bacterial infections. B - Basophils contain histamine, heparin, and several cytokines.

Answer 44

b. spleen - spleen is similar in structure to a large lymph node. This organ removes old worn out red blood cells and carries a reserve of blood which can be utilized for emergency situations.

Answer 45

b. type of sexual spored they reproduce - placement is based on the way the fungus reproduces. When a sexual phase can't be detected or is absent from the life cycle, the term "imperfect" fungi is assigned.

Answer 46

c. Creatine Phosphate - phosphocreatine (or creatine phosphate) provides a quick energy source for skeletal muscles when they need an initial energy burst.

Answer 47

d. jawless fish | - jawless fish include hagfish and lampreys.

Answer 48

a. bony fish - the swim bladder of modern bony fish was modified from simple lungs and is involved in the control for buoyancy of the fish. glands in the skin of bony fish secrete mucus, which gives the fish a slimy feel.

Answer 49

c. 2, 3, and 4 structure - the primary structure is lost only if digestion (hydrolysis) occurs. heat, pH change, radiation, heavy metals such as Pb+2, Ag+ and Hg+2 may cause denaturation of a protein.

Answer 50

b. liver - bile, an emulsifier of fats, is produced in the liver, and stored in the gall bladder. - urea formation occurs primarily in the liver as well.

Answer 51

d. anther - a pollen grain is an immature male gametophyte with a hard covering. The anther is the chamber where pollen develops. - Pistil is the female part of the plant: consists of stigma, style, and ovary. stigma is sticky and will catch the pollen: the style is a tube-like structure connecting the stigma to ovary. The ovary encloses one or more ovules where the monoploid egg nucleus is found. - The stamen is the male part of the plant. - anther + filament = stamen - The petal is the colorful part of the plant that attracts insects, they have odors as well. - In plants, the haploid gametophyte is multicellular, while in animals it is unicellular.

Answer 52

c. myoglobin exists as a tetramer, and will store O2 in muscle - myoglobin consists of a single chain, but does store O2 in muscle. - hemoglobin, another globular protein consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. - extracellular matrix is rich in collagen

Answer 53

e. all are true statements | - AP NS

Answer 54

e. nematodes are the segmented worms (false) - annelids are the segmented worms - Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. The open circulatory system is common to molluscs and arthropods.

Answer 55

a. IgG - IgG is the class of antibody that is found in the highest concentration in the blood, as well as the only one that can significantly cross the human placenta. Interestingly, human milk is most rich in IgA, which plays a role in microbial infection prevention in infants.

Answer 56

d. osteocytes make up the ground substance which contains fibers and connective tissue (false) - osteocytes are entrapped in the bone matrix and are involved in regulating bone health. - ground substance is the gel-like noncellular portion of the extracellular matrix. Fibers, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans can be found - fibroblasts produce the ground substance, not osteocytes.

Answer 57

c. cephalopods have little oxygen demand (false) - cephalopods are highly active and have huge oxygen demands. - cephalopods have a closed circulatory system and mollusks have an open circulatory system

Answer 58

e. m-RNA may contain some unusual bases such as methylinosine (false) - a distinguishing feature of t-RNA is the presence of unusual bases such as methylinosine, pseudouridine, and 4-thiouridine.

Answer 59

c. Bacteria - paramecium -> protista - mushroom -> fungi - green algae -> protista - blue-green algae -> monera

Answer 60

e. Mollusca: corals and sea anemones (false) - all are important to know - mollusca -> snails, slugs, clams, and octopuses - cnidaria -> corals and sea anemones - annelida -> segmented worms

Answer 61

c. Blastopore always forms the mouth before anus (false) - Echinoderms and chordates are deutrostomes -> mouth formed after anus from blastopore. In all other organisms, blastopre will form the mouth first.

Answer 62

e. All are correctly matched - non-vascular bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They have underground stems and live in moist, humid habitats. - Angiosperms are the flowering plants that include monocots and dicots - Sporazoans are a diverse group of parasites that include the plasmodium. Plasmodium casues malaria. Mosquitoes transmit them to birds or humans

Answer 63

e. All are true - Bone consists of living cells and collagen fibers. A distinguishing feature is its extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and ground substance. Glycoproteins and fibrous proteins for the "jelly like" ground substance - Inside bones is a soft connective tissue called marrow. Marrow is found in irregular spaces of spongy bones, medullary cavitites of long bones, and in haversian canals. Red marrow -> RBC formatio, certain WBCs and platelets; Yellow marrow -> mostly fat - Most mature bones contain yellow marrow, which can be converted to red marrow when blood loss is severe - Areas of contact or "near-contact" between bones are called joints. Joints are stabilized by ligaments. As a person ages, cartilage that covers bone ends of freely movable joints begins to wear away -> osteoarthritits. Rheumatoid arthritis is a degenerative disorder w/ a genetic basis.

Answer 64

e. Trapped osteoblasts within the small spaces of bone mature into fibroblasts (false) - Once trapped in small spaces of bone, osteoblasts -> osteocytes (living bone cells). - Fibroblasts produce extracellular fibers and ground substance of connective tissue. Collagen is made by the fibroblasts as well * *Review of more cells: - RBC: O2 transport - WBC: infections - Macrophage and neutrophils (most common WBC, bacteria infection): phagocytosis - Plasma cells: antibody production - Mast cells: histamine release

Answer 65

c. Frog - Amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surround the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. An amphibian, such as a frog does not have an amnion. - Allantois is also only found in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Answer 66

a. 60 % | - Blue eyes are homozygous recessive

Answer 67

e. None of these are false - m-RNA turns over rapidly = lest abundant - sequence of three bases in mRNA is codon, t-RNA triplet that H bonds to codon is anticodon.

Answer 68

e. All are correct - Lichen = symbiosis of fungi and blue-green algae - A, B, and D are names of fungi groups

Answer 69

b. 5 quarts - Blood is a tissue that carries raw materials, wastes, and substances to and away from cells. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and contains hundreds of plasma proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin. - Albumin is the most abundant, and is important for maintaining the blood's osmotic pressure.

Answer 70

d. In a typical antibody, the heavy and light chains are linked by H bonds (false) - Antibodies (immunoglobins) consist of two heavy chains linked to two light chains by disulfide bonds. The disulfide bond (-S-S-) is seen in many proteins such as antibodies, hair, and insulin. Disulfide bonds restrict the way the protein can fold. The disulfide is a covalent bond.

Answer 71

c. Fat - Fats yield more than twice the energy than a protein or a carbohydrate. Vitamins will not yield any energy. - Vitamins B,C --> H2O soluble - Vitamins A, D, E, K ---> fat soluble (FAT nAKED guy on the beach)

Answer 72

c. In a desert, the potential for rainfall is greater than the potential for evaporation (false) - Desert: potential for evaporation is much greater than the potential for rainfall.

Answer 73

e. All are true - Mullerian mimicry: same colors, but not phylogenetically related, predator won't attack since they all look alike - Batesian mimicry: deceptive mimicry, a harmless fly resembles one that is dangerous

Answer 74

b. Stem cells in bone marrow produce lymphocytes by meiosis (false) - Stem cells in bone marrow produce lymphocytes by mitotic division. - Immunity results from production of antibodies which are proteins. - Two types of Immunity: 1. Antibody-mediated immunity: B cells 2. Cell-mediated immunity: T cells (mature in thymus)

Answer 75

c. Phosphorus and sulfur - Experiment used radioactive 35S and 32P. Phages labeled with 35S (protein) and 32P (DNA) were allowed to infect E.coli. After infection, the viruses and their host cells were mechanically separated in a blender. Labeled DNA was found in host cell, while labeled protein was found mostly outside ---> DNA is genetic information.

Answer 76

e. Smoking will cause a decrease in mucous as a response to the irritant (false) - Response to smoking -> cilia damaged and mucous produced by goblet cells is increased. The lungs have a decreased means of moving the mucous out, thus an unproductive cough results. Continued smoking may lead to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or lung cancer.

Answer 77

b. Hydrolysis

Answer 78

b. Dehydration synthesis - monomers are joined in condensation reactions which are also called dehydration synthesis. Water is lost in process. - Lactose: glucose + galactose (milk) - Sucrose: glucose + fructose (table sugar) - Maltose: glucose + glucose

Answer 79

a. Micro-injection - In-vitro fertilization -> egg and sperm in a glass dish in lab. - Micro-injection -> directly injecting sperm cell into egg. Average success rate about 75 %.

Answer 80

b. TATA box - Promoter sites bind RNA polymerase and determine where transcription begins. - In prokaryotes, the sequence is called a Pribnow box, while in eukaryotes it is called a TATA box. These regions are very rich in adenine and thymine.

Answer 81

c. The operator is the control point for translation | - Operator is control point for transcription, not translation.

Answer 82

e. All of above - There are several types of T cells which include killer T cells, suppressor T cells and memory cells. - Large WBCs derived from monocytes are called macrophages. The macrophage will engulf antigen and present it to the T-cells that will activate the immune response.

Answer 83

d. Rh+ fetus; Rh- mother - Rh refers to blood group. Rh+ means you have the ability to produce the Rh antigen, while Rh- means you lack Rh antigen production ability. In erythroblastosis fetalis, an Rh- mother has a fetus that is Rh+. In such cases, the mother produces antibodies (during birth, baby's blood may enter mother's blood). If she later carrers another Rh+ fetus, her Rh antibodies will diffuse across placenta and cause blood cells to agglutinate and fetal blood cells are consequently destroyed.

Answer 84

b. 23 chromsomes, 23 chromatids | - both egg and sperm are haploid.

Answer 85

c. complement - the "complement" system is actually a chemical defense system designed to destroy microogranisms. It complements the immune system, and is comprised of a complex series of serum proteins.

Answer 86

b. Allodiploid - A cell that has two genetically distinct sets of chromosomes that are derived from different ancestral species is termed Allodiploid. If the cell has two genetically identical or nearly identical chromosmes sets derived from the same ancestral species, it is termed Autodiplid. - seen in animals but far more common in plants.

Answer 87

c. Anaphase

Answer 88

a. Allopatric speciation

Answer 89

a. cooperativity - Hemoglobin is an allosteric molecule with more than one binding site. When first O2 binds, many salt bridges are broken or disturbed upon binding. The consequence of this is a conformational change in the molecule, and additional O2 can more easily bind.

Answer 90

e. Platyhelmint: Earthworms (false) - Earthworm = Annelida - Flatworms = Platyhelminthes

Answer 91

e. All are correct -

Answer 92

e. All are correct - By using thermoregulation, organisms can control flow of blood to the skin. If too warm, blood vessels dilate to allow heat to escape. If too cold, heat loss is reduced since the vessels will constrict.

Answer 93

e. All are correct | - Zymogen such as pepsinogen is the inactive form of an enzyme.

Answer 94

e. Streptococci: non-virulent (false) - Streptococi may indeed be virulent and kill an organism. The streptococci form chains, while the staphylococci form cluster. - Strep = strip - Staph = stuff

Answer 95

e. All are true

Answer 96

d. Electron transport chain | - Cytochroms are a group of heme containing proteins found in the e- transport chain

Answer 97

a. Cenzoic Cenzoid (most recent) > Mesozoic > Paleozoic > Precambian (oldest) - Dinosaurs appeared during Mesozoic era - First land vertebrates, land plants, fish: many alga appeared in Paleozoic era - Invertebrates, monera, fungi were in precambrian (earliest) era

Answer 98

c. Embryonic stages of development of an organism repeat the evolutionary history of the species - This notion has not been accepted in modern evolutionary theory.

Answer 99

c. Plasmolysis | - In a hypertonic solution, a cell will shrink; this is called plasmolysis.

Answer 100

e. Purple or green bacteria are photosythetic bacteria in which Oxygen is the by-product - Purple or green bacteria found in anaerobic sediments of lakes or ponds carry out photosynthesis in which H2, H2S, or D is the electron donor, oxygen is not a by-product.

Answer 101

a. Erythrocytes | - An erythrocyte (RBC) lacks a nucleus, thus contains no DNA.

Answer 102

e. Disulfide bridges are broken during allosteric interactions - During allosteric interaction, when a molecule binds, a conformational change occurs and the primary binding site will no longer bind to its usual substrate. - In the Bohr Effect, we see hemoglobin-unloading O2 under conditions of low ph (high CO2 (H+))

Answer 103

e. A and B only - Zona Fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex and produces the glucocorticoid cortisol. - The innermost cortical layer is called the zona reticularis and produces androgens, the precursors to testosterones in humans. - The zona glomerulosa produces the mineralcorticoids, such as aldosterone.

Answer 104

c. Cyclic AMP - Most of the protein hormones and polypeptide hormones act by way of cyclic AMP. Thy cyclic AMP activates enzymes, initiates protein synthesis, and can even alter membrane permeability.

Answer 105

e. All of the above are true - Important point here is arrangement of vascular bundles. A vascular bundle is a multistranded cord of phloem and xylem tissue. In the dicots, the vascular tissues are arranged around a central core in the system. In monocots, they are scattered. - Monocots: one cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular bundles, parallel veins (leaf), flowers are multiples of 3 - Dicots: two cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular bundles, net-like veins (leaf), 4 or 5 flowers.

Answer 106

d. Cleavage of one or more peptide bonds catalyzed by an enzyme - Trypsin and Chymotrypsin provide a fine example of zymogen activation. Activation of their precursors occurs by cleavage of peptide bonds using enzymes. Chymotrypsingoen -----trypsin (cleavage of peptide bonds)--->>>>> chymotrypsin Trypsinogen----enterokinase (cleavage of peptide bonds)----->>>>> Trypsin

Answer 107

b. Lysosomes | - Lysosomes are involved in the digesting of substances brought into the cell and contain many enzymes.

Answer 108

b. Bacterium - Protists are eukaryotic organisms such as hydra, paramecium, euglena and algae. All protists live in moist environments. - Bacteria are prokaryotes that are in kingdom Monera.

Answer 109

d. A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of the F1 generation of a dihybrid cross (false) - A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of the F2 generation.

Answer 110

e. All of these are true

Answer 111

c. Major Histocompatibility Complex - MHC is important in distinguishing self from nonself. MHC triggers T cells to attack and begin a cell-mediated response against the donated organ.

Answer 112

a. X-Ray crystallography

Answer 113

e. The blood-brain barrier allows for the passage of most drugs, ions, and pathogens into the CNS so they can be phagocytized by the WBCs (false) - It is actually a barrier against these substances. It is however, permeable to O2, CO2, glucose and general anesthetics.

Answer 114

d. Actively contracting muscle has a high rate of pyruvate formation (false) - actively contracting muscle has a high rate of lactate formation.

Answer 115

c. Interferon - Interferons are a group of small proteins made by most body cells following a viral attack. Interferons belong to a class of glycoproteins called cytokines. Interferons are also produced in response to bacterial, parasitic, and foreign agents, as well as tumor cells.

Answer 116

b. Mitral valve - Tricuspid valve = right atria + right ventricle - Mitral (bicuspid) valve = left atria + left ventricle - Semilunar valves = aortic valve, pulmonary valve - Coronary sinus is a wide venous channel that receives blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium of the heart. - lub dub sound: lub is closing of AV valves, dub is closing of semilunar valves

Answer 117

a. Decomposition

Answer 118

d. algae (false) - algae is a protist - blue-green algae however, are classified with moneras

Answer 119

e. Pluripotent cells will form every cell in the body as well as placental cell (fasle) - Totipotent = all body cells including embryonic - Pluripotent = all cell types, except for extra-embryonic tissue, such as the placenta

Answer 120

d. tertiary consumers - The producers represent the level of greatest biomass. Each succeeding level has less available energy due to the inability of most animals to digest cellulose.

Answer 121

d. Secondary succession occurs on areas lacking in soil and have not previously supported a community (false) - Primary succession occurs to areas without soil and has not previously supported a community. ex. glaciers, lava flow - Secondary succession occurs on disturbed areas such as burned-over land. When fire sweeps through a forest, secondary succession will occur.

Answer 122

d. Proteins and petroleum are polymers that could denature if heated (false) - Denaturation will disrupt the 2, 3, and quaternary structure; it is endothermic and causes disorder. - Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Answer 123

d. TSH produced by pituitary gland is increased - TSH stimulates thyroid gland to make thyroxin. If thyroxin in blood is high, then less TSH is released. - Low TSH = hyperthyroidism - thyroid gland uses iodine in food to make T4 (thyroxin) and T3 (triiodothyronine)

Answer 124

b. Pulse-chase experiment - Pulse-chase involves using a radioactive label on a protein to detect what is happening to the molecules in cells. In this technique, one can track the fate of proteins through a cell, and learn important information about biochemical pathways.

Answer 125

d. Loss of gills during development - Reptiles have thick skin, thick shelled eggs, an amnion, and internal fertiliztion. However, they do not lose gills at any stage of development.

Answer 126

e. Bacteria utilize a single electron transport chain to produce ATP - Bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, sometimes at the same time. Similar to eukaryotes, their electron transport chains involve proton pumps.

Answer 127

d. Glycine is the only optically active amino acid (false) | - Glycine is the only optically inactive amino acid since it has no chiral carbons.

Answer 128

c. diaphragm - Fish and frogs are not mammals, but do have a backbone. - Birds are not mammals but are warm-blooded. - Mammals contain hair, produce milk to nurse their young, and have a lower jaw that is a single bone. - 3 bones in middle ear are unique to mammals - diaphrahm muscle is unique to mammals and is the major muscle of inspiration. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Answer 129

a. corpus luteum - After ovulation has occured, the ovarian follice becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum will produce progesterone and estrogen that will help blood vessel growth.

Answer 130

d. A and B - Cholesterol is the precursor to steroid hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, testosterone, and aldosterone. Epinephrine and thyroxin are amino acid derived.

Answer 131

e. all are correct - In ferns, the predominant plant form is the sporophyte. Sporangia are structures in which spores are produced; clusters of sporangia are known as sori and are found on the lower surface of the leaf.

Answer 132

e. Mitosis makes up 40 % of the cell cycle (false) | - Mitosis makes up about 10 % of cell cycle.

Answer 133

b. dioecious - Dioecious species cannot self-fertilize; they are a species in which each individual is distinctly male or female. Mammals and most reptiles are Dioecious. However, the term is used mainly for plant species.

Answer 134

d. Humans illustrate an R-selected population (false) - K-selected population is one in which the members have low reproductive rates and are roughly constant in size. ex. humans - R-selected population, such as bacteria, we see RAPID growth, numerous offspring, fast maturation, and very little postanal care is needed. **Humans are OKAY (k-selected) species

Answer 135

e. None of these. All are true.

Answer 136

e. A greater number of polypeptides can be made with 20 different amino acids than polysaccharides (false) - greater variety with polysaccharides. Polysaccharides can be branched or linear, whereas peptides are linear. Polysaccharides can be alpha or beta, whereas peptides cannot.

Answer 137

c. Myoglobin contains a quaternary structure (false) - Quaternary structures is for proteins with more than one polypeptide chains. Hemoglobin has 4 polypeptides (2a and 2b), myoglobin has only one. - Alpha helix and beta sheets are secondary structures held together by H bonds.

Answer 138

d. Glucose - Usually, all the glucose in glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed. This reabsorbtion occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. However, in diabetes, blood glucose levels rise high, and significant quantities of glucose appear in the urine.

Answer 139

e. Nerve gases are potent inhibitors of glycolytic enzymes (false) - Nerve gases are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, and cause death by respiratory paralysis.

Answer 140

d. The disease is usually non-fatal (false) - Tay-sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disease in which a lysosomal defect occurs and causes lipid buildup in brain cells. The disease is fatal in the first five years of human life. During the disease, mental retardation, blindness, and eventually death occur.

Answer 141

e. Blood pressure is indirectly related to cardiac output (false) - Blood travels fastest at a constriction. Radius of blood vessel is most important factor that affects blood flow (BP is inversely related to Radius^4) - Peripheral vascular resistance refers to friction between blood and walls of blood vessel. - BP = CO x PVR - CO = stroke volume x heart rate

Answer 142

e. All are correct

Answer 143

a. Pharynx - Air and food passages cross in pharynx region. Gas exchange will occur in alveoli by passive diffusion. **Pharynx is a ferri

Answer 144

e. All are true.

Answer 145

e. All are correctly matched. - SNOW DROP - Southern = DNA - Northern = RNA - Western = Protein

Answer 146

c. Phosphate buffer - Intracellular fluids: Phosphate buffer. H2PO4(-) and HPO4(--) act as the acid and base respectively. Phosphate is abundant in cells and will act as the major intracellular buffer. - Extracellular fluid: Bicarbonate buffer, HCO3(-)/H2CO3 system

Answer 147

a. Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

Answer 148

e. All of the above - Protozoans and sponges have contractile vacuoles. This organelle collects water from various parts of the cell and pumps it out by rhythmic contractions.

Answer 149

e. All statements are true - The main function of the large intestine (colon) is resorption of water, sodium, and other minerals. The bacteria in the large intestine produce vitamin K. These bacteria are the chief source vitamin K. Feces are stored briefly in rectum and eliminated through the anus. - The portal vein directs glucose and other monosaccharides to the liver. Thus, the large intestine functions in not only as waste storage, but also water conservation and ion regulation.

Answer 150

d. 0.01 % - Each parent has 1/50 (2 %) chance of carrying the gene. And there is 25% is the probability of having an autosomal recessive disorder. - Answer: (.02)(.02)(.25) = 0.0001 = .01 %

Answer 151

b. Capacitation - Capacitation is requried by spermatozoa in the female oviduct and uterus that allows for egg penetration. Capacitation is a functional maturation of the spermatozo. During capacitation process, physiological changes occur in the spermatozoa. These changes include changes in sperm intracellular ion concentrations, motility, and metabolism

Answer 152

e. All are correct - Cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubule are very rich in mitochondria. The proximal convolutd tubule in particular carries out much of the active reabsorption. Mitochondria supply energy for active transport. - Ammonia is waste product of aquatic animals, while birds, reptiles, and insects excrete uric acid. - insects such as the grasshopper contain malphighian tubules.

Answer 153

e. Dynein | - Dynein may also be invovled in chromosomal movement.

Answer 154

e. Cytoskeleton is found only in eukaryotic cells, and gives shape to a cell and aids in cellular movement (false) - Prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain a cytoskeleton. - Microfilaments: actin - Intermediate filaments: keratin - Microtubules: tubulin

Answer 155

a. a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of an artery (false) - A lymphatic vessel is most similar to a vein; they have internal valves. - Thymus makes thymosin which stimulatees T-cell development. Once puberty is reached, the thymus gland shrinks and is replaced by fat. - Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears and saliva. - Functional capacity of T-cells is most influenced by aging. After age 60, declines in the immune system are most evident.

Answer 156

c. Lysosome - Acid hydrolases are contained in the lysosome. The interior of this membrane-bound organelle has a pH of 5, and contains enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. - Lysosomes are also called the "suicide bags" of the cell. Cells that are not needed anymore are destroyed in these bags or sacs.

Answer 157

Myogloin vs. hemoglobin

Answer 158

e. all are true - the skin is made up of the outermost epidermis, followed by the dermis, consisting mostly of connective tissue, hair follicles, sesnsory receptors, erector muscles, sweat, and sebaceous glands. Below the dermis is fatty tissue that serves asa cushion and an insulator. The epidermis has no blood supply, and depends on teh dermis for oxygen and nutrients. Several layers of skin make up the epidermis: stratum germinativum, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

Answer 159

d. The opening of heart valves causes the lub and dup sounds associated with the heart (false) - closing of the valves causes the lub dub sounds. Lub is closing of AV valves. Dup is closing of semilunar valves.

Answer 160

e. All statements are true

Answer 161

d. The curve will shift to the right - If the pH was decreased, or the temperature was increased, more oxygen would be given up. An increase in CO2 also shifts the curve to the right. If the curve is shifted to the right, it simply means more oxygen is unloaded by hemoglobin.

Answer 162

d. Active immunity that is artificially acquired - Vaccination is an immunization against a given pathogen; it is artificially acquired. Production of immunological agents begins. This process is active immunity that is artificially acquired. - If you ever recovered from chicken pox, immunity was conferred by active immunity that was naturally acquired. - antibodies may be transferred from one individual to another providing passive immunity. i.e. a preganant mother transfers antibodies across placenta (naturally acquired)

Answer 163

b. The bilayer is symmetric - inside not same as outside. - Proteins and lipids are capable of lateral movement but movement of either from one face to the other is prohibited.

Answer 164

b. Gap junction - Tight junctions seal spaces between cells -->intestinal cells. Gap junction will allow cells to exchange nutrients and for "molecular communication"

Answer 165

e. All of the above are true

Answer 166

e. All are correct | - keratin can be soft (feather) or very hard (turtles) due to disulfide bridges.

Answer 167

e. When focusing on a nearby object the ciliary muscle relaxes and flattens out (fasle) - If the ciliary muscle relaxes, the lens flattens and this allows the lens to focus on a distant object.

Answer 168

e. All statements are true - Progesterone is a steroid hormone found in both men and women and is derived from cholesterol. Studies have shown it might be involved in sperm motility. Progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy and allows for milk production after delivery.

Answer 169

c. Jawless fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals - Ancestral vertebrates began with jawless fish

Answer 170

a. Amoeba - All protists are eukaryotic and most have flagells or cilia at some point in their life cycles. The euglena has a flagellum,, the paramecium has cilia, and the amoeba has pseudopodia.

Answer 171

e. All are true. - First few breaths that a newborn infant takes are extremely labored. Alveoli contain substances called surfactants which reduce the surface tension of the fluid within the infant's lungs. Once the alveoli are expanded, they tend to stay expanded and not collapse under surface tension after each breath. Therefore, collapsed lungs, surface tension, and small airways offer much resistance to air movement. Stimulation of first breath is initiated by high CO2 levels.

Answer 172

e. All are true - During inspiration, the lung volume will increase, resulting in a decrease in lung pressure compared to the atmospheric pressure. (Boyle's law). Increase in volume is brought about by contraction of the diaphragm.