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306c > Dev of Cardiac System > Flashcards

Dev of Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

What dermal layer gives rise to the cardiogenic area?

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

What week do the heart tubes join blood vessels in the embryo, connecting stalk and yolk sac to form the primitive cardiovascular system?

A

3rd week

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3
Q

When does the blood start to circulate?

A

4th week

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4
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

22-23 day

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system is the first system to reach a functional state?

A

true

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6
Q

What does the right vitelline vein give rise to?

A

hepatic portal system and part of the IVC

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7
Q

What does the left vitelline vein give rise to?

A

IVC and ductus venosus

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8
Q

What does the ductus venosus connect?

A

the umbilical vein and the IVC, bypassing the liver

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9
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vein?

A

run on each side of the liver and carry oxygenated blood from placenta to the sinus venosus

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10
Q

What happens to the right umbilical vein?

A

Disappears during the 7th week

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11
Q

What part of the umbilical vein actually becomes the umbilical vein?

A

Caudal part of the left umbilical vein

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12
Q

What is the main venous drainage system in the embryo?

A

Cardinal veins

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13
Q

What are the earliest veins to develop?

A

Anterior and posterior cardinal veins at 8 weeks

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14
Q

What function do the vitelline veins do?

A

return poorly oxygenated blood from the umbilical vesicle

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15
Q

What function do the umbilical veins have?

A

Carry well-oxygenated blood from the chorion

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16
Q

What function do the common cardinal veins have?

A

return poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo

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17
Q

What is the earliest sign of the development of the heart?

A

appearance of paired endothelial strands - angioblastic cords - in the cardiogenic mesoderm.

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18
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins when the liver develops?

A

They lose their connection with the heart and empty into the liver.

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19
Q

What happens to the anterior cardinal veins?

A

Connected by anastamosis which shunts blood from the left to the right anterior cardinal vein.

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20
Q

What does the anastomotic shunt of the anterior cardinal veins become?

A

brachiocephalic vein

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21
Q

What veins form the SVC?

A

Right anterior and right common cardinal vein

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22
Q

What do the posterior cardinal veins develop into?

A

Vessels of the primitive kidney and common iliac veins

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23
Q

What do the supra cardinal veins give rise to?

A

part of the IVC, contribute to formation of right internal and external jugular vein, left subclavian vein, internal and external iliac veins.

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24
Q

What are the posterior cardinal veins replaced by?

A

sub and supracardinal veins

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25
Q

What do the sub cardinal veins give rise to?

A

appear first and become left renal vein and gonadal veins

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26
Q

What veins contribute to the IVC?

A

vitelline, subcardinal, and supracardinal

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27
Q

What veins give rise to the Hepatic segment of the IVC

A

proximal part of the right vitelline vein

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28
Q

What veins give rise to the pre renal segment of the IVC?

A

right sub cardinal vein

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29
Q

What veins give rise to the renal segment of the IVC?

A

sub/supracardinal veins

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30
Q

What veins give rise to the post renal segment of the IVC?

A

right supra cardinal vein

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31
Q

What are the last pair of vessels to develop?

A

supracardinal veins

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32
Q

How many vitelline arteries are there and where are they?

A

3, pass to yolk sac and primitive gut

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33
Q

What is the function of the umbilical arteries?

A

carry poorly oxygenated blood to the placenta

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34
Q

What do the umbilical arteries give rise to after birth?

A

proximal part- internal iliac arteries

distal part-medial umbilical ligament

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35
Q

When do the coronary vessels develop?

A

5th week

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36
Q

What vessels arise from the cells in epicardium?

A

coronary vessels

37
Q

What happens to the coronary vessels at 5-6 weeks?

A

capillaries connect, forming coronary veins and coronary arteries grow of aorta

38
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

4th week

39
Q

1st pair of aortic arches give rise to what?

A

maxillary arteries, external carotid artery

40
Q

2nd pair of aortic arches give rise to what?

A

middle ear arteries

41
Q

3rd pair of aortic arches give rise to what?

A

common carotid arteries

internal carotid arteries

42
Q

4th pair of aortic arches give rise to what?

A

arch of the aorta, right subclavian artery

43
Q

6th pair of aortic arches give rise to what?

A

right and left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus

44
Q

Explain coarctation of the aorta and why it happens?

A

aortic lumen is narrowed, parts of pharyngeal arch arteries that failed to disappear

45
Q

What is a juxtaductal coarc?

A

inferior to origin of left subclavian artery

46
Q

What are the main steps of the development of the primary heart?

A

Heart tubes fuse, endothelial tube (internal lining of heart), cardiac jelly, heart elongates, forms: bolbus cords, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus

47
Q

Where is the sinus venosus located?

A

opens to right atrium, develop right and left sinus horns

48
Q

What do the right and left sinus horns develop into?

A

right sinus horn - right atrium

left sinus horn - coronary sinus

49
Q

What does the bolbus cordis give rise to?

A

ventricle and truncus ateriosus

50
Q

Sinus venosus receives blood from where?

A

The umbilical, vitelline and cardinal veins

51
Q

What forms with partitioning of the heart?

A

endocardial cushions which give rise to the AV canal - separate the atria and ventricles

52
Q

What valves arise from the endocardial cushions?

A

AV valves (atrioventricular valves) triscuspid and mitral

53
Q

What divides the atria into right and left sides?

A

septum primum

54
Q

What important structure does the septum secundum develop?

A

foramen ovale

55
Q

Which direction does the blood shunt across the FO in utero?

A

R to L because their is inc resistance in the lungs and the blood doesn’t want to go down the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

56
Q

What direction does the blood shunt across the FO after birth?

A

L to R because the pulmonary resistance is decreased and their is inc pressure on the left side of the heart.

57
Q

What is the most common atrial septal defect?

A

ostium secundum defect - patent foramen ovale

58
Q

What ASD is described as an endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect

A

AV canal

59
Q

Describe the sinus venosus ASD?

A

high ASD, near SVC, rare, incomplete absorption of sinus venosus into the right atrium or abnormal dev of the septum secundum

60
Q

Describe the common atrium ASD?

A

failure of septum primum and secundum to develop

61
Q

What function does the AV canal serve?

A

provides an opening between the atrium and ventricle

62
Q

Rotation of the heart starts when?

A

day 23

63
Q

The bulbus cordis is displaced to the…..

A

right

64
Q

The ventricle is displaced to the….

A

left

65
Q

The primitive atrium is displaced….

A

posteriorly and superiorly

66
Q

What is the purpose of looping of the heart?

A

brings the 4 chambers in spacial relation to each other

67
Q

What do the right and left sinus horns give rise to?

A

right and left atrium, two right and left pulmonary veins

68
Q

Pulmonary veins branch out and attach to what developing lung parts?

A

bronchial buds

69
Q

A septum divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis. The TA partitions what?

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. (pulmonary artery)

70
Q

What valves develop from tissue around opening of aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)

71
Q

How are valves attached?

A

by chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles

72
Q

How do the valves function?

A

fold back allowing blood to enter at diastole, then shut to prevent back flow when ventricles contract.

73
Q

Describe transposition

A

the aorta comes off the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery comes off the left ventricle.. most common cyanotic defect.

74
Q

Describe truncus arteriosus

A

failure of truncal ridges to divide. just one aorta, always has a VSD.

75
Q

Describe TAPVR

A

pulmonary vein goes back to the right atrium instead of the left. No communication between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium. Needs ASD or death.

76
Q

Describe HLHS

A

hypo plastic left ventricle, keep PDA open. stages of surgical intervention

77
Q

Describe TOF

A

4 defects: pulmonary artery stenosis, hypertrophy right ventricle, VSD, dextroposition of aorta. PDA dependent

78
Q

Describe PDA

A

Closure first few days, connects pulmonary artery to aorta. becomes ligament, from 6th pharyngeal arch

79
Q

Which valve is a bicuspid valve?

A

left AV valve

80
Q

Which valve is a tricuspid valve?

A

right AV valve

81
Q

Describe the conduction system

A

SA node develops during the 5th week in wall of SV, but incorporated in wall of right atrium with the SV. Located high near entrance of SVC. AV node and bundle are located superior to endocardial cushions. Fibers arising from AV bundle pass into ventricles and split into right and left bundle branches. Well developed before nerves are supplied. ONLY SIGNALING PATHWAY FROM ATRIA TO VENTRICLES

82
Q

Closure of DUCTUS VENOSUS is functionally closed within minutes of birth due to what?

A

rapid increase in oxygen and cessation of placental blood flow

83
Q

Closure of foramen ovale is closed due to what?

A

septum primum flap closes from left to right pressure. structurally closed by 1 year.

84
Q

What is the cause of PPHN?

A

when pulmonary vascular resistance remains high, the R to L shunt persists and,

85
Q

Functional closure of the ductus arteriosus is caused by what?

A

decrease in Prostaglandins. Placenta is main source. increase in pulmonary blood flow causes a decrease in PEG2

86
Q

Describe preload

A

VOLUME; chamber volume prior to contraction, initial stretching, related to length of myocytes (muscle cells), end-diastolic pressure

87
Q

Describe Frank Starling law

A

heart adapts to changing blood volumes. The greater the muscle is stretched during filling the greater the force of contraction

88
Q

Describe after load?

A

Pressure the heart chamber must pump against to eject blood. inversely related to cardiac output. As after load increases, cardiac output decreases.

89
Q

Which veins are the earliest to develop and when?

A

Anterior and posterior cardinal veins at 8 weeks

306c (4 decks)

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