Development

Question 1

What 3 dimensions do we use to determine if we as individuals are normal?

Answer 1

intelligibility - do i understand the nature and motivation for my actions?

consistency - could i have predicted my action based on my own self-knowledge?

Control - can i prevent or produce my action when i want to do so?

Question 2

What is the reliability of a test?

Answer 2

the consistency of the prediction over time, over predictors, over individuals, and over assessment techniques

Question 3

What is the validity of a test?

Answer 3

The accuracy of a predictive statement

in other terms, does the test actually test what you think it should

Question 4

Describe classical conditioning?

(Simple learning, Pavlovian conditioning, respondent conditioning)

Answer 4

pair an unconditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus and you eventually get a condttioned response to that stimulus

Question 5

Describe Operant Conditioning.

(Instrumental or Skinnerian Conditioning)

Answer 5

You use reinforcment schedules to either increase or decrease a behavior

Response, followed by Stimulus (reinforcement or punishment) leads to a new progreammed response

Question 6

What is positive reinforcement? Negative reinforcement?

Answer 6

Positive reinforcement is the ADDITION of a good thing to increase a behavior

Negative reinforcement is you REMOVE a bad thing to increase a behavior

Question 7

What is positive punishment? What is negative punishment?

Answer 7

Positive punishment is the ADDITION of a negative stimuli to decrease a behavior

Negative punishment is the REMOVAL of a good thing to decrease a behavior

Question 8

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 8

It’s a conditioned reinforcer that was originally a neutral stimulus that was paired with an unconditioned reinforcer repeatedly

it gains a reinforcing funciton by itself

Question 9

At what gestational age does birth normally occur?

Answer 9

37 to 42 weeks

Question 10

What is the average US birthweight and length?

Answer 10

7.5 pounds between 18 and 22 inches

Question 11

What is Couvade syndrome and what does it show?

Answer 11

WHen the father starts to experience some of the symptoms of the pregnancy along with the mother - weight gain, labor pain, etc.

Sympathy pain - generally recognized as a psychosomatic thing

Question 12

What are the developmental tasks of the newborn? 5

Answer 12

1. adjustment to temperature changes and regulation
2. inflation of lungs and autonomic regulation of breathing
3. adjustment to sucking and swallowing
4. adjustment to elimination
5. adjustment to and sharpening of sensory inputs

Question 13

When is the Apgar performed?

Answer 13

once at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes

use the best of the two scores if different

Question 14

What are the 5 clinical signs in the apgar and how are they scored?

Answer 14

activity (muscle tone absent, arms and legs flexed, or active movement)

pulse (absent, <100, >100)

grimace - reflex irritability (flaccid, some flexion of extremities, active motion like sneeze, cough, or pull away)

appearance of skin color (blue - pale, body pink but extremities blue, or completely pink)

Respiration (absent, slow and irregular, vigorous cry)

0-2 for each

Question 15

What apgar score is considered problematic at 1 minute? 5 minutes?

Answer 15

at 1 minute - less than 4 is severe

at 5 minutes - less than 7 places them at high risk for subsequent CNS dysfunction

Question 16

What measure is often given to mothers to rule out the post baby blues vs depression?

Answer 16

the edinburgh post-natal depression scale

Question 17

What is the term for a baby that is much more likely to cry and to cry longer and louder than is usual>

Answer 17

colic

Question 18

At what point does cooing usually start?

Answer 18

6-8 weeks

Question 19

When does babbling start?

Answer 19

Usually in the 2nd month - 4-5 vowel sounds and 3 consonant sounds

Question 20

A baby’s first word usually occurs at what age?

Answer 20

11 or 12 months

Question 21

By age 2.5 years, what sounds do kids usually have?

Answer 21

11 vowels sounds - mostly complete and 16 consonants (about 2/3 complete)

Question 22

When does “stranger anxiety” usually develop?

Answer 22

7-8 months

Question 23

What screening tool is used to chart early childhood development?

Answer 23

Denver Developmental Screening Test

or Ages and Stages Questionnaire

Question 24

What are the 4 general functions covered by the Denver?

Answer 24

personal social

fine motor skills (drawing)

language

gross motor acts (walking)

Question 25

What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?

Answer 25

Pre-conventional (1. Obedience and punishment with deference to power 2. naively egoistic to satisfy self)

Conventional (3. approval of others 4. law and order or duty)

Pos-conventional (5. social contract 6. Principled conscience with internalized ideals)

Question 26

What Piaget stage is associated with kids age 2-6?

Answer 26

pre-conceptual stage

Question 27

what piaget stage is associated with kids ages 6-12?

Answer 27

concrete operations

(ability to use some logical operations like ordering and classification)

Question 28

What piaget stage is associated with adolescence?

Answer 28

formal operations

includes inductive and deductive reasoning

hypothesis testing

ability to generate ideas and test without action - using abstraction

self analysis and self criticism

Question 29

What is the most comon drug used by adolescents?

Answer 29

alcohol

Question 30

What is Erikson’s distantiation vs. self absorption theory?

Answer 30

That you have to grow separately while you grow with a partner, otherwise you just become self absorbed to the exclusion of others

Question 31

WHat percentage of adults marry?

Answer 31

90%

Question 32

What is the likelihood of a new marriage ending in divorce?

Answer 32

43%

Question 33

Which group has the highest divorce rates?

Answer 33

males 20-24

Question 34

What usually happens with custody in divorce?

Answer 34

72% to the mother

9% to the dad

16% joint custody, but this is increasing

Question 35

What are the top 3 reasons for divorce?

Answer 35

gradual growing apart

not feeling loved or appreciated

sexual intimacy problems

Question 36

What are the risks factors for divorce?

Answer 36

age - 20s and 30s

often with young children

lower SES

married as teenagers

short courtship

conceived child before marriage

family health problems

Question 37

During middle adulthood, how are the genders different in terms of interest changes?

Answer 37

men’s interests narrow - focus on work

women’s interests broaden

Question 38

True or False: most people over 65 still live their own homes.

Answer 38

true - they are not overall institutionalized

Question 39

What are ADLs? IADLs?

Answer 39

ADLs are activities of dialy living like bathing, dressing, eating, and moving.

IADLs are instrumental activities of daily living like cooking, shopping, managing money, using the telemphones, taking meds, etc.