What are the 5 life stages?
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and older adulthood
Age range for infancy
0-3 years
Age range for childhood
4-10 years
Age range for adolescence
11-18 years
Age range for adulthood
19-65 years
Age range for older adulthood
65+ years
Growth
The increase in physical size (height) and mass
Development
The process of gaining skills, abilities and emotions
Milestones/Norms
Show what most people can do at specific stages in growth and development
Physical development def
Include motor skills (movement), co-ordination and the influence of hormones
Intellectual development def
Includes cognitive skills (learning, reasoning, memory, decision making and understanding) and language skills
Emotional development def
How people view and feel about themselves and others as well as managing those feelings
Social development def
Related to the interactions and relationships that we form with other people
Things that doctors check for as soon as a baby is born
Reflexes (basic reactions to specific things): sucking, rooting, grasping, stepping, startle. These all do not develop later in life and could be a serious sign that something is wrong if the baby does not have these responses
(Main) Physical changes in infants
Gross motor shills develop (begins to control larger muscles), fine motor skills develop (controls smaller muscles), able to walk and hold a spoon and point by the age of two
Centile charts
Used to record and monitor infant growth (height and weight). If they are developing above the 95th or below the 5th line then the nurses and health inspectors will inform the parents on what to do
Gross motor skills
The ability to use ad co-ordinate large muscles such as legs and arms
Fine motor skills
The ability to use and co-ordinate small muscles and fine movement such as fingers and toes
Three types of grasp
Palmer (4-9 months; clasping hand and holding things in the palm), pincer (9months-2years; gripping between 2 fingers), tripod (2years+; using three fingers to hold things like pencils)
Can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds if supported
Physical; 3 months; infants
Physical; 6 months; infants
Have more strength and muscle control. Can lift their heads, sit with support and turn heads to look around. Can pull themselves up with their hands when grasped
Physical; 9 months; infants
Can sit unsupported for 10 minutes. Start to move independently by rolling or squirming. Pull themselves to stand and can stand for a few seconds while holding onto something
Physical; 12 months; infants
Can get from a lying position into a sitting position without help. Crawl rapidly. Walk holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few seconds
Physical; 15 months; infants
Get to their feet alone, walk and crawl up stairs
Physical; 18 months; infants
Run, walk up stairs, crawl down stairs
Physical; 2 years; infants
Walk down stairs
Physical; 3 years; infants
Climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle, throw and catch a ball
(Main) intellectual changes in infants
Newborns respond to the world around them through their senses (sound, sight and touch). By the age of 2, the ability to think has hugely developed. Language skills improve (learn how to talk and communicate - smiling at others by 6 weeks). Able to grasp basic concepts.
Intellectual; 3 months; infants
Make noises when spoken to
Intellectual; 9 months; infants
Repeat syllables to make sounds. Learn and recognise that the sounds their cares means something. Understand simple words
Intellectual; 12 months; infants
Know their own name, understand several words, understand simple commands with gestures
Intellectual; 15 months; infants
Obey simple commands, say a few words, understand many words
Intellectual; 18 months; infants
Join in with nursery rhymes, put words together to make simple sentences
Intellectual; 2 years; infants
Use around 50 words and understand more
Intellectual; 2 1/2 years; infants
Use 200 words, say nursery rhymes, ask questions
Intellectual; 3 years; infants
Carry out simple conversations
Emotional changes in infants
First two years form a strong bond/attachment to their carers. Need to receive love and affection in a positive way. Develop a sense of security. Crying is first response to emotions. Two year olds have temper tantrums to express their emotions
Social changes in infants
Early relationships act as models for future ones. By 2, they learn about how to interact with others. Main relationship is with primary carers then extends to siblings and other infants. No sense of identity as newborns. Within six weeks, they start smiling to their career. Learn how to play and share with other infants
Solitary play
0-2 years old. Only play alone
Parallel play
2-3 years. Play near other infants but don’t play with them
Co-operative play
3+ years. Play with other infants and understand how to share with them
Physical changes in childhood
Growth spurt 5-7. Improved co-ordination and control. Run, skip and hop 4-6. Second teeth come through age 6. Age 4-5 tripod grasp for writing. Walk up stairs unaided age 5. Use a bat and ball age 8
Intellectual changes in childhood
Learn concepts like colour, number and size. See things from other people’s point of view. Age 8 can think for themselves and form their own opinions. Egocentrism. Use full sentences. Count. Learn about sequences and order of events. Read and write. Work out solutions to simple problems. Ask questions and observe behaviour of others.
Emotional changes in childhood
Better at controlling their emotions. Build confidence 4-6. Start to compare themselves to others and feel good/bad about themselves (self-concept). Develop new emotions such as jealousy, love, hate and fear. Become more independent. Begin to empathise. Develop a personality. Self-centred
Social changes in childhood
Play with other children. Understand other’s feelings 4 years. Choose own friends. Understand rules and fairness 5 years. Prefer to play with children of the same age and gender 7 years. Form relationships with new people like teachers and classmates
Physical changes in adolescence
Growth spurt (f 12-16, m 14-18), puberty,
Puberty
Prepares the body for sexual reproduction
Growth spurt
Growing taller at a faster rate
Hormones
Chemical messengers that trigger puberty and is secreted by endocrine glands
Intellectual changes in adolescence
Abstract thinking. Think more logically. More problem solving. Able to remember large amounts of information. Begin to question the world and life itself. Learn to learn and think in different ways. More independent thinking. More confident and assertive. Can blend information together from different sources
Abstract thinking
Understanding what is implied - reading between the lines (not logical thinking)
Egocentric
Thinking that the world revolves around you
Emotional changes in adolescence
Mood swings caused by hormones. Inner conflict of positive and negative emotions. Desire for independence. Forms own identity (who they are as a person) and self-concept more. Experience romantic relationships and falling in love or having crushes. Stress from exams
Social changes in adolescence
Peer groups become important. Develop intimate relationships. Have friends of both genders. Wider social circle. Peer pressure. Friends vs family. Conflict and disagreements with parents. Age 16 social network extends (work, college, uni)
Physical changes in adulthood
Maturity. Menopause in women age 45-55. Weight increase. Hormonal changes (less oestrogen and less testosterone). Sperm production reduces in men. Physical capabilities begin to decline 55. 18-28 at peak performance. Women are most fertile in early 20s. Men lose hair, eyesight deteriorates in early 40s
Menopause
When females become infertile and are unable to have children due to menstrual cycles terminating. Backaches, breasts droop and flatten, hot flushes, mood swings, bones become more fragile
Intellectual changes in adulthood
Start a new job. Have qualifications from school for career. Wisdom. Learn life lessons. Promotions where specialist training is needed. Manage money and a family. Better at problem solving and decision making. Beyond mid-40s: memory generally good, new learning, short term memory isn’t as quick, decisions based on wisdom
Emotional changes in adulthood
Becoming a parent, behave in a mature manner, control emotions, intimate relationships established, steady relationships give a sense of security and stability, bonding with new family gives a sense of purpose and completion. Mid life crisis, uncertainty, question life choices, regret, loss of loved ones, growing awareness of mortality
Social changes in adulthood
Leaving home and parents. Start own family. Intimate relationships. Meet new people and make new friends. Develop working relationships. Less time spent with friends due to other priorities. Relationships with parents change.
Physical changes in older adulthood
Skin loses elasticity. Joints stiffen. Muscle wastage. Bones more brittle. Lose height. Eyesight and hearing deteriorates
Intellectual development in older adulthood
Retirement. Read, cross words, puzzles, knitting. Start new hobbies and activities. Wisdom. Reflect on achievements. Decrease in memory (dementia for some)
Emotional development in older adulthood
No clear sense of identity. Suffer from stigmas and stereotypes. Affect confidence and self esteem. Feel helpless and worthless. Feel lonely and emotionally isolated due to death of loved ones. Emotionally attached to loved ones. Sense of pride and proud of family. Loss of independence. Become more aware and accepting of death
Social changes in older adulthood
Retirement leads to more free time but less time spent with work friends. Make new friends when joining new clubs or in care homes. Quality time spent with family
Nature
The genetic influence on development (inherited from parents)
Nuture
Starts straight after fertilisation. Other influences on health and development throughout life and pregnancy
E.g. of genetic conditions
Haemophilia, Down syndrome, Huntington’s and Prada Willis
Anorexia (PIES)
P: hair falls out, weight loss, periods stop, distorted body image, feels cold (not many fatty layers to keep warm). I: loss of interest in activities, calculate calories, unable to concentrate. E: low self-esteem and self-image, afraid. S: isolated, hospitalised, afraid to be with friends
Factors that affect self concept
Age, gender, appearance, sexual orientation, culture, education (African elephants always sleep on cuddly elephants)
Unexpected life events
Divorce, redundancy, accidents or injury
Liasing
Talking or negotiating together about a concern e.g. social worker and nursery nurse
Support for death of a child
GP (statutory) prescribe medication for depression and sleeping. Counselling (private) listens and talks through grief. Priest (voluntary) pray. Family and friends (informal) offer emotional support, assist the family with chores to allow them time to grieve
Social workers
Help anyone who is vulnerable in society (adults, older adults, children etc) - not getting needs met
Support for divorce
Friends (informal) emotional support, encourage them to find someone new and get over their old partner to prevent isolation. Relate counsellor before divorce (private and voluntary) make appointments to talk to. Church services (voluntary) offer support although they don’t support it. Citizen’s advice (voluntary website) give advice on getting the most out of divorce
Health visitors
After midwife (10days after birth to 5 years) to check on mother and baby e.g. hearing tests. Give advice and tests
Support for accident
Family (informal) show emotional support and comfort, help financially (pay for surgery), bring items from home. Doctors and nurses (statutory) physical health, advice, medication prescribed. Physiotherapy (statutory) and rehabilitation centres (private) recovery exercises mentally and physically, easier and quicker recovery
Ethnicity
Race or culture and origin of birth or descent. Not religion, belief or lifestyle
Support for marriage
Family and friends (informal) baby sitting, let them have time to themselves. RELATE charity (voluntary) talk about problems in the marriage. Marriage Care (voluntary church service) free counselling. Counselling (private) someone to talk to. Couples therapy (statutory) someone to talk to and they will offer advice
Support for employment
Citizen’s Advice Bureau (statutory - charity run by government) give free legal advice, advice for work and legal rights. Job centre (statutory) help find a new job, help write a CV, give advice for skills. Friends and family (informal) help make CVs and compile skills to find a good job and help financially. Childminders (private) help parents by looking after children when they are at work
Civil partnership
More commonly between couples of the same sex. Same rights as marriage. Legally recognised
Support for retirement
CAB (stat) - benefits. Friends and family - company, prevent loneliness. Pension - money (stat). Bupa (private) healthcare. Church (voluntary) - give responsibilities in parish
Support for starting school
Breakfast club. Childminder. Home start (voluntary) - helps disadvantaged families getting ready for school. Friends and family
Support for leaving school
Parents. Bursaries (stat) - student loans, financial help. MIND (vol) charity helps when having a bad day, listen, advice. Church
Support for parenthood
Health visitor. Parents. Parenting sessions. Samaritan charity (vol) provide emotional support if in distress