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Flashcards in Development and Relationships Deck (83)
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1
Q

What are the 5 life stages?

A

Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and older adulthood

2
Q

Age range for infancy

A

0-3 years

3
Q

Age range for childhood

A

4-10 years

4
Q

Age range for adolescence

A

11-18 years

5
Q

Age range for adulthood

A

19-65 years

6
Q

Age range for older adulthood

A

65+ years

7
Q

Growth

A

The increase in physical size (height) and mass

8
Q

Development

A

The process of gaining skills, abilities and emotions

9
Q

Milestones/Norms

A

Show what most people can do at specific stages in growth and development

10
Q

Physical development def

A

Include motor skills (movement), co-ordination and the influence of hormones

10
Q

Intellectual development def

A

Includes cognitive skills (learning, reasoning, memory, decision making and understanding) and language skills

11
Q

Emotional development def

A

How people view and feel about themselves and others as well as managing those feelings

12
Q

Social development def

A

Related to the interactions and relationships that we form with other people

13
Q

Things that doctors check for as soon as a baby is born

A

Reflexes (basic reactions to specific things): sucking, rooting, grasping, stepping, startle. These all do not develop later in life and could be a serious sign that something is wrong if the baby does not have these responses

15
Q

(Main) Physical changes in infants

A

Gross motor shills develop (begins to control larger muscles), fine motor skills develop (controls smaller muscles), able to walk and hold a spoon and point by the age of two

16
Q

Centile charts

A

Used to record and monitor infant growth (height and weight). If they are developing above the 95th or below the 5th line then the nurses and health inspectors will inform the parents on what to do

17
Q

Gross motor skills

A

The ability to use ad co-ordinate large muscles such as legs and arms

18
Q

Fine motor skills

A

The ability to use and co-ordinate small muscles and fine movement such as fingers and toes

19
Q

Three types of grasp

A

Palmer (4-9 months; clasping hand and holding things in the palm), pincer (9months-2years; gripping between 2 fingers), tripod (2years+; using three fingers to hold things like pencils)

20
Q

Can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds if supported

A

Physical; 3 months; infants

21
Q

Physical; 6 months; infants

A

Have more strength and muscle control. Can lift their heads, sit with support and turn heads to look around. Can pull themselves up with their hands when grasped

22
Q

Physical; 9 months; infants

A

Can sit unsupported for 10 minutes. Start to move independently by rolling or squirming. Pull themselves to stand and can stand for a few seconds while holding onto something

23
Q

Physical; 12 months; infants

A

Can get from a lying position into a sitting position without help. Crawl rapidly. Walk holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few seconds

24
Q

Physical; 15 months; infants

A

Get to their feet alone, walk and crawl up stairs

25
Q

Physical; 18 months; infants

A

Run, walk up stairs, crawl down stairs

26
Q

Physical; 2 years; infants

A

Walk down stairs

27
Q

Physical; 3 years; infants

A

Climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle, throw and catch a ball

28
Q

(Main) intellectual changes in infants

A

Newborns respond to the world around them through their senses (sound, sight and touch). By the age of 2, the ability to think has hugely developed. Language skills improve (learn how to talk and communicate - smiling at others by 6 weeks). Able to grasp basic concepts.

29
Q

Intellectual; 3 months; infants

A

Make noises when spoken to

30
Q

Intellectual; 9 months; infants

A

Repeat syllables to make sounds. Learn and recognise that the sounds their cares means something. Understand simple words

31
Q

Intellectual; 12 months; infants

A

Know their own name, understand several words, understand simple commands with gestures

32
Q

Intellectual; 15 months; infants

A

Obey simple commands, say a few words, understand many words

33
Q

Intellectual; 18 months; infants

A

Join in with nursery rhymes, put words together to make simple sentences

34
Q

Intellectual; 2 years; infants

A

Use around 50 words and understand more

35
Q

Intellectual; 2 1/2 years; infants

A

Use 200 words, say nursery rhymes, ask questions

36
Q

Intellectual; 3 years; infants

A

Carry out simple conversations

37
Q

Emotional changes in infants

A

First two years form a strong bond/attachment to their carers. Need to receive love and affection in a positive way. Develop a sense of security. Crying is first response to emotions. Two year olds have temper tantrums to express their emotions

38
Q

Social changes in infants

A

Early relationships act as models for future ones. By 2, they learn about how to interact with others. Main relationship is with primary carers then extends to siblings and other infants. No sense of identity as newborns. Within six weeks, they start smiling to their career. Learn how to play and share with other infants

39
Q

Solitary play

A

0-2 years old. Only play alone

40
Q

Parallel play

A

2-3 years. Play near other infants but don’t play with them

41
Q

Co-operative play

A

3+ years. Play with other infants and understand how to share with them

42
Q

Physical changes in childhood

A

Growth spurt 5-7. Improved co-ordination and control. Run, skip and hop 4-6. Second teeth come through age 6. Age 4-5 tripod grasp for writing. Walk up stairs unaided age 5. Use a bat and ball age 8

43
Q

Intellectual changes in childhood

A

Learn concepts like colour, number and size. See things from other people’s point of view. Age 8 can think for themselves and form their own opinions. Egocentrism. Use full sentences. Count. Learn about sequences and order of events. Read and write. Work out solutions to simple problems. Ask questions and observe behaviour of others.

44
Q

Emotional changes in childhood

A

Better at controlling their emotions. Build confidence 4-6. Start to compare themselves to others and feel good/bad about themselves (self-concept). Develop new emotions such as jealousy, love, hate and fear. Become more independent. Begin to empathise. Develop a personality. Self-centred

45
Q

Social changes in childhood

A

Play with other children. Understand other’s feelings 4 years. Choose own friends. Understand rules and fairness 5 years. Prefer to play with children of the same age and gender 7 years. Form relationships with new people like teachers and classmates

46
Q

Physical changes in adolescence

A

Growth spurt (f 12-16, m 14-18), puberty,

47
Q

Puberty

A

Prepares the body for sexual reproduction

48
Q

Growth spurt

A

Growing taller at a faster rate

49
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that trigger puberty and is secreted by endocrine glands

50
Q

Intellectual changes in adolescence

A

Abstract thinking. Think more logically. More problem solving. Able to remember large amounts of information. Begin to question the world and life itself. Learn to learn and think in different ways. More independent thinking. More confident and assertive. Can blend information together from different sources

51
Q

Abstract thinking

A

Understanding what is implied - reading between the lines (not logical thinking)

52
Q

Egocentric

A

Thinking that the world revolves around you

53
Q

Emotional changes in adolescence

A

Mood swings caused by hormones. Inner conflict of positive and negative emotions. Desire for independence. Forms own identity (who they are as a person) and self-concept more. Experience romantic relationships and falling in love or having crushes. Stress from exams

54
Q

Social changes in adolescence

A

Peer groups become important. Develop intimate relationships. Have friends of both genders. Wider social circle. Peer pressure. Friends vs family. Conflict and disagreements with parents. Age 16 social network extends (work, college, uni)

55
Q

Physical changes in adulthood

A

Maturity. Menopause in women age 45-55. Weight increase. Hormonal changes (less oestrogen and less testosterone). Sperm production reduces in men. Physical capabilities begin to decline 55. 18-28 at peak performance. Women are most fertile in early 20s. Men lose hair, eyesight deteriorates in early 40s

56
Q

Menopause

A

When females become infertile and are unable to have children due to menstrual cycles terminating. Backaches, breasts droop and flatten, hot flushes, mood swings, bones become more fragile

57
Q

Intellectual changes in adulthood

A

Start a new job. Have qualifications from school for career. Wisdom. Learn life lessons. Promotions where specialist training is needed. Manage money and a family. Better at problem solving and decision making. Beyond mid-40s: memory generally good, new learning, short term memory isn’t as quick, decisions based on wisdom

58
Q

Emotional changes in adulthood

A

Becoming a parent, behave in a mature manner, control emotions, intimate relationships established, steady relationships give a sense of security and stability, bonding with new family gives a sense of purpose and completion. Mid life crisis, uncertainty, question life choices, regret, loss of loved ones, growing awareness of mortality

59
Q

Social changes in adulthood

A

Leaving home and parents. Start own family. Intimate relationships. Meet new people and make new friends. Develop working relationships. Less time spent with friends due to other priorities. Relationships with parents change.

60
Q

Physical changes in older adulthood

A

Skin loses elasticity. Joints stiffen. Muscle wastage. Bones more brittle. Lose height. Eyesight and hearing deteriorates

61
Q

Intellectual development in older adulthood

A

Retirement. Read, cross words, puzzles, knitting. Start new hobbies and activities. Wisdom. Reflect on achievements. Decrease in memory (dementia for some)

62
Q

Emotional development in older adulthood

A

No clear sense of identity. Suffer from stigmas and stereotypes. Affect confidence and self esteem. Feel helpless and worthless. Feel lonely and emotionally isolated due to death of loved ones. Emotionally attached to loved ones. Sense of pride and proud of family. Loss of independence. Become more aware and accepting of death

63
Q

Social changes in older adulthood

A

Retirement leads to more free time but less time spent with work friends. Make new friends when joining new clubs or in care homes. Quality time spent with family

64
Q

Nature

A

The genetic influence on development (inherited from parents)

65
Q

Nuture

A

Starts straight after fertilisation. Other influences on health and development throughout life and pregnancy

66
Q

E.g. of genetic conditions

A

Haemophilia, Down syndrome, Huntington’s and Prada Willis

67
Q

Anorexia (PIES)

A

P: hair falls out, weight loss, periods stop, distorted body image, feels cold (not many fatty layers to keep warm). I: loss of interest in activities, calculate calories, unable to concentrate. E: low self-esteem and self-image, afraid. S: isolated, hospitalised, afraid to be with friends

68
Q

Factors that affect self concept

A

Age, gender, appearance, sexual orientation, culture, education (African elephants always sleep on cuddly elephants)

69
Q

Unexpected life events

A

Divorce, redundancy, accidents or injury

70
Q

Liasing

A

Talking or negotiating together about a concern e.g. social worker and nursery nurse

71
Q

Support for death of a child

A

GP (statutory) prescribe medication for depression and sleeping. Counselling (private) listens and talks through grief. Priest (voluntary) pray. Family and friends (informal) offer emotional support, assist the family with chores to allow them time to grieve

72
Q

Social workers

A

Help anyone who is vulnerable in society (adults, older adults, children etc) - not getting needs met

73
Q

Support for divorce

A

Friends (informal) emotional support, encourage them to find someone new and get over their old partner to prevent isolation. Relate counsellor before divorce (private and voluntary) make appointments to talk to. Church services (voluntary) offer support although they don’t support it. Citizen’s advice (voluntary website) give advice on getting the most out of divorce

74
Q

Health visitors

A

After midwife (10days after birth to 5 years) to check on mother and baby e.g. hearing tests. Give advice and tests

75
Q

Support for accident

A

Family (informal) show emotional support and comfort, help financially (pay for surgery), bring items from home. Doctors and nurses (statutory) physical health, advice, medication prescribed. Physiotherapy (statutory) and rehabilitation centres (private) recovery exercises mentally and physically, easier and quicker recovery

76
Q

Ethnicity

A

Race or culture and origin of birth or descent. Not religion, belief or lifestyle

77
Q

Support for marriage

A

Family and friends (informal) baby sitting, let them have time to themselves. RELATE charity (voluntary) talk about problems in the marriage. Marriage Care (voluntary church service) free counselling. Counselling (private) someone to talk to. Couples therapy (statutory) someone to talk to and they will offer advice

78
Q

Support for employment

A

Citizen’s Advice Bureau (statutory - charity run by government) give free legal advice, advice for work and legal rights. Job centre (statutory) help find a new job, help write a CV, give advice for skills. Friends and family (informal) help make CVs and compile skills to find a good job and help financially. Childminders (private) help parents by looking after children when they are at work

79
Q

Civil partnership

A

More commonly between couples of the same sex. Same rights as marriage. Legally recognised

80
Q

Support for retirement

A

CAB (stat) - benefits. Friends and family - company, prevent loneliness. Pension - money (stat). Bupa (private) healthcare. Church (voluntary) - give responsibilities in parish

81
Q

Support for starting school

A

Breakfast club. Childminder. Home start (voluntary) - helps disadvantaged families getting ready for school. Friends and family

82
Q

Support for leaving school

A

Parents. Bursaries (stat) - student loans, financial help. MIND (vol) charity helps when having a bad day, listen, advice. Church

83
Q

Support for parenthood

A

Health visitor. Parents. Parenting sessions. Samaritan charity (vol) provide emotional support if in distress