Development of attachment

Question 1

Define attachment

Answer 1

An emotional relationship between individuals

Question 2

Till 1950, what was the bond between mother and child due to

Answer 2

hunger drive/feeding

Question 3

What did the nature of love by Harry Harlow postulate?

Answer 3

In 1958, nursing provides contact-comfort

Question 4

What did john bowlbey say about attachment

Answer 4

biologically based, imprinting

infants behaviours are meant to elicit protection

Question 5

What did mary ainsworth says about bonding

Answer 5

Parent is a secure base for exploration

Question 6

What three types of children were classed by Mary ainsworth via strange situation

Answer 6

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent

Question 7

What fourth category was added to mary ainsworths three classes of maternal attachment?

Answer 7

disorganized

Question 8

Define imprinting

Answer 8

Biologically based
iii. A form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object it comes with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experiences, and follows that object thereafter
Example of fly away home

Question 9

Define phase 1

Answer 9

1. birth to 12 weeks
2. indiscriminate social responsiveness
3. crying produces physiological response in mother
4. attention not focussed exclusively on primary caregiver

Question 10

Define phase 2

Answer 10

1. 2-7 months
2. discriminate social responsiveness
3. strangers assume second-class status
4. social referencing

Question 11

Define phase 3

Answer 11

1. 8 months to 2.5 years
2. Separation protest
3. secure base
4. fear becomes dominant emotion
5. primary and secondary attachment figures

Question 12

Phase 4 definition

Answer 12

1. 3+ years
2. goal corrected partnerships
3. transfer of symbolic representation of relationships to peers and other intimate partners

Question 13

What are the four attachment behaviours

Answer 13

Secure, Anxious avoidant, anxious ambivalent/resistant, disorganized/disoriented

Question 14

Define secure attachment

Answer 14

1. explores freely when parent present

2. seeks out mother when after separation and is soothed

Question 15

Define anxious avoidant

Answer 15

1. explores with or without caregivers absence

2. does not seek out caregiver after separation

Question 16

Define anxious ambivalent/resistant

Answer 16

1. stays close to mother, does not explore freely

2. both seeks and rejects parent after separation

Question 17

Define disorganized/disoriented

Answer 17

1. May freeze, explores in disorganized fashion

2. may go to caregiver after separation, dazed expression of fear

Question 18

Characteristics of the primary caregiver that influence the nature of the attachment behaviours (4)

Answer 18

Sensitivity
socioeconomic status
depression
intergenerational influences (how the parents themselves were raised)

Question 19

Characteristics of the child that influence the nature of the attachment behaviours (2)

Answer 19

1. negative emotionality
   - children who display inhibition, may impact prognosis in lab setting
2. colic
   - some kids just cry all the time

Question 20

three qualities of a sensitive parent

Answer 20

i. Responsive to signals
ii. Effective at soothing
iii. Warm

Question 21

What two factors affect attachment stability

Answer 21

Continuity of care

environmental changes

Question 22

What attachment styles are characteristic of externalizing problems?

Answer 22

disorganized type and avoidant type

Question 23

What attachment styles are characteristic of internalizing problems?

Answer 23

disorganized type and ambivalent type

Question 24

Consequences of secure attachment

Answer 24

i. Greater positive perception of self
ii. Does better on achievement tests
iii. Greater language skills
Better school adjustment

Question 25

Consequences of anxious avoidant attachment

Answer 25

i. Less socially competent
ii. Conduct disorders
iii. More likely to get picked on in school and rejected by teachers
iv. Difficulty with emotional closeness

Question 26

Consequences of anxious ambivalent/ resistant attachment

Answer 26

i. More likely to get pampered by teachers, but picked on in school
ii. Anxiety disorders
Struggle with cognitive and social problem solving

Question 27

Consequences of disorganized/ disoriented attachment

Answer 27

i. Substantial problems in school
ii. Substantial aggression
iii. Self-injury
Conduct disorders

Question 28

What is known about influence of daycare

Answer 28

1. Placing a child in daycare does not impact the security of the childs attachment to the primary caregiver.
   
   2. However, insensitive mothers who leave their kids in day care a lot, kids don’t get that sensitivity at daycare, or have many different child care arrangements are more likely to become insecurely attached
   3. less positively engaged with mother when they had been sent to daycare
   4. Kids who spent more time in day care have more behaviour problems in kindergarden