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MSK test one > Development of muscular and skeletal system > Flashcards

Development of muscular and skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the precursor for somites?

A

The paraxial mesoderm

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2
Q

What do the somites divide into?

A

The somite form next to the neural tube and will divide into a ventromedial and dorsolateral part

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3
Q

What does the ventromedial part of the somite become?

A

The sclerotome which will be the axial skeleton

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4
Q

What does the dorsolateral part of the somite become?

A

The dermatome (dermis) or myotome (muscle)

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5
Q

What is the process of a somite differentiating?

A

The somite will split into its two separate parts then the cells will migrate down and surround the notocord and the neural tube

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6
Q

What are the cells that form from the sclerotome?

A

mesenchyme cells which will form the embryonic connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the two processes of the bone formation?

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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8
Q

What does intramembranous ossification form?

A

face/skull bones and clavicle-

mesenchyme to bone

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9
Q

What does the endochondral ossification form?

A

The long bones and the pelvis

mesenchyme to cartilage to bone

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10
Q

What does the vertebral column form from?

A

The notochord and sclerotome

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11
Q

what is the process of the vertebral column formation?

A

1/2 of the caudal dense from section a and 1/2 of the cephalic loose from section b will fuse and form a bone

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12
Q

What are the two sections of the sclerotome in the vertebral region called?

A

caudal dense and cephalic loose

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13
Q

What part of the vertebra does the caudal dense form?

A

The articulating processes

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14
Q

What part of the vertebra does the cephalic loose form?

A

part of the vertebral body

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15
Q

Where do the intervertebral disc come from?

A

The notochord and sclerotome

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16
Q

What are the two portions of the intervertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosis

17
Q

What does the nucleus pulposis form from?

A

It is the mucoid center of intervertebral disc that is globbing up of the notochord

18
Q

What does the annulus fibrosus form from?

A

It is fibrous tissue that forms from sclerotome that surrounds the notochord

19
Q

What do the ribs form from?

A

The sclerotome

20
Q

How do the ribs form?

A

They grow out of the thoracic vertebra and the costal cartilage forms at the same time

21
Q

How does the sternum form and from what?

A

The sternum will start as sternal bars that will grow out then slowly fuse together to form the sternum- this originates from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

22
Q

What is a cervical rib?

A

a rib will form up in the upper cervical region and will lead to thoracic outlet syndrome

23
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

Also known as pigeon chest- there is a sternal protrusion- no significant health problems- unsure why it forms

24
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Sternal depression also known as funnel chest
This will compress the heart and cane shift it more to the over. This will lead to decreased lung space- pts have SOB, exercise intolerance and greater fatigue

25
Q

What are HOX genes?

A

they are genes that signal the control of body plan along the cranial/caudal axis- they will determine the shape/size/characteristics of vertebra

26
Q

What is a gain of function in HOX genes?

A

This is when a hox gene influences sections that they are not suppose to. Also called caudalization- the vertebra will tend to look more like the vertebra below it.

27
Q

What is a loss of function HOX gene?

A

This is when a hox gene is lost so the resulting levels will begin to look more like the vertebra above it. This is also known as cranialization

28
Q

What two layers does the myotome divide into?

A

the epimere and hypomere

29
Q

What does the epimere develop?

A

It forms the epiaxial muscles- the true muscles of the back- they are innervated by dorsal rami

30
Q

What does the hypomere develop?

A

It forms the hypaxial muscles- all other muscles of the body- innervated by the ventral rami

31
Q

What are the hypaxial divisions?

A

The cervical myotome- scalene, geniohyoid, infrahyoid
the thoracic myotome- flexor (abdominal) muscles of spine
lumbar myotome- quadratus lumborum
sacrococcygeal myotome- pelvid diaphragm

32
Q

What is Poland syndrome?

A

Failure of the hypaxial muscles to migrate to the chest. Results in the absence of the pec major and minor so there is ipsilateral breast hypoplasia.
Could also result in loss of ribs 2-4 or syndactyly

33
Q

What is Prune-Belly syndrome?

A

The partial or complete loss of abdominal musculature due to hypaxial muscles not migrating to the correct area.
associated with cryptochidism or malformation of the urinary tract

MSK test one (9 decks)

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