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Flashcards in Diabetes Deck (18)
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1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A deficiency of insulin or resistance to the effects of insulin

2
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone

3
Q

Where is the peptide hormone insulin produced?

A

In the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

4
Q

Why do skeletal muscles and fat cells require insulin?

A

So they can absorb glucose

5
Q

What are some of the action of insulin?

A
  • Uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells
  • Increased glycogen synthesis
  • Increased synthesis and esterification of fatty acids
  • Decrease in lipolysis, proteinolysis and gyluconeogenesis
6
Q

Acute consequences of insulin deficiency

A

Hyperglycaemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
Hyperosmolar state

7
Q

Chronic consequences of insulin deficiency

A

CV disease
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy

8
Q

What is diabetes mellitus type 1

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas so the pancreas cannot produce insulin

9
Q

What is diabetes mellitus type 2

A

Peripheral insulin resistance where the beta cell response to glucose is delayed or missing.

10
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance triggered by hormonal changes of pregnancy. It resolved with delivery.

11
Q

Dangers of gestational diabetes to the mother

A

-Development of t2 diabetes mellitus
-Hypertension
Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia
-Obstructed labour

12
Q

Dangers of gestational diabetes to the child

A
  • Development of t2 diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity
  • Macrosomia
  • Neonatal hypoglycaemia
  • Neonatal jaundice
  • Respiratory distress syndrome
13
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

When too much ketones and acid is produced and released into bloodstream from the rapid breakdown of fat and proteins

14
Q

What is hyperosmolar nonketoxic state

A

Severe dehydration that can lead to coma and death. Mostly in T2 diabetes mellitus

15
Q

What is hypoglycaemia and how can it be caused?

A

Low glucose from insulin overdose which is generally accidental

16
Q

What can diabetic foot lead to?

A

Generalised sepsis and death

17
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Proliferation of blood vessels in the retina

18
Q

Infections in diabetes mellitus

A
Osteomyelitis
Septicaemia
Post-op
Rectal abscess
Pyelonephritis