Diet and exercise in the management of lipid profile Flashcards Preview

Module 103, Theme 3: Physiology of the CVS: principles of pathology, diagnosis and treatment of CV diseases. > Diet and exercise in the management of lipid profile > Flashcards

Flashcards in Diet and exercise in the management of lipid profile Deck (19)
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1
Q

Dietary fat

- Uses of dietary fats

A

Triacylglycerol- 95% of dietary fat intake

Source of energy- too much storage = weight gain

Uses:
Source of energy for muscles.

Precursors for hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Insulatory protection for neurones and organs.

2
Q

Lipid diet and lipid profile

A

Increase in Saturated fatty acids, increase in:
TC
HDL-C
LDL-C

Dose dependant effect:
Every 1% increase SFA= @% increase in LDL-C.

Therefore:
Emphasis on reducing SFA intake.

3
Q

Method of decreasing SFA consumption

A

Reduce visible fat intake

Reduce consumption of animal meat and products.

Increase consumption in vegetable products, seafood, nuts, seeds = increase in MUFA and PUFA.

4
Q

Omega 6 PUFA

  • Where it is found
  • Examples
A

Most common PUFA in western diet.

Found in: Vegetable oils

Example: Linoleic acid, decreases LDL-C

Reducing SFA involves replacing it with increased consumption of vegetable oils.

5
Q

Omega 3 PUFA

  • Examples
  • Benefits
A

Associated with improvement in cholesterol, TG and vascular function.

Examples:
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

6
Q

Sources of Omega 3 PUFA

A

Oily fish- increase EPA and DHA

ALA- flax seeds, nuts

7
Q

Trans fatty acids (TFA)

A

Formed from the hydrogenation of PUFA oils

Behaves like saturated acids.

Increases LDL-C and fasting TG, decreases HDL-C.

Therefore decreasing tFA= healthier. Done by reducing processed food consumption.

8
Q

Dietary cholesterol

A

Only a small amount impacts TC and LDL-C

But individual response to dietary cholesterol is related to SFA response

Reducing cholesterol and SFA intake= healthier. Consume less animal products.

9
Q

Mono/Disaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

Lactose

Sucrose

10
Q

Non-starch polysaccharides

A

Important for GI tract function and well being

Examples:
Pectin
Cellulose

11
Q

Effect of Carbs on lipid profile

A

Increased carbs increases VLDL and reduces HDL-C.

Increase in carbs but decrease in fat increases small dense LDL but decreases total LDL.
- Smaller LDL more atherogenic.

Decreased insulin response due to continuous stimulation of high dietary carbs- increased lipolysis

Increased delivery of fatty acids and hepatic esterification.
- Overproduction of VLDL, esp VLDL1

12
Q

Monitoring carb intake

A

Carbs should not be more than 65% of energy intake

  • 11% should be sugar
  • 18g/ day of fibre

Fruit and veg at least 5 a day

13
Q

Fruit and veg

A

Diet high in fruit and veg= less risk of CVD

Soluble fibre in plants:
Lowers serum cholesterol- inhibits cholesterol absorption in GI

Improves antioxidant status:
Increase total antioxidant capacity
Increase glutathione peroxidase activity

14
Q

Obesity

A

XS energy intake> energy expenditure

Fat tissue is source of free fatty acids- abdominal adipose tissue is less stable.

Visceral adipose tissue is less responsive to insulin and deliver FFA via portal circulation to liver,

15
Q

Visceral obesity

A

High lipolytic activity in the visceral fat= increased FFA load to liver.

FFA converted to TG- stored in cytosol

Increases TG-rich VLDL
- Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and hepatic lipase causes these VLDL to be more dense

Denser VLDL are very atherogenic and easily transform into oxidised LDL

16
Q

Exercise and physical activity

A

Improvement in psychological and physiological state.

Exercise= increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle
- Clears TG

Decreases hepatic VLDL synthesis, TC, TG and LDL-C

150 mins of moderate intensity activity.

17
Q

DASH diet

A

Dietary approaches to stopping hypertension

Rich in fruit, veg, low in fat, high in polyunsaturated.

Following this diet for 8 weeks decreases:
BP
TC
LDL-C
Increased HDL-C
18
Q

PREDIMED trial

A

Reduced ambulatory BP

Reduced fasting blood glucose

Reduced TC

19
Q

STRIDE1

A

Risk reduction intervention through defined exercise in those with high risk of developing CVD.

Effects:
Reduced LDL-C number
Increased LDL-C size
Increased HDl-C number
Increased HDL-C size