digestion

Question 1

the sum of all chemical reaction in the body

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of glucose

Answer 2

glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respirations

Question 3

what occurs in the reaction called phosphorylation

Answer 3

addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

Question 4

the process of glycolysis results in net gain of how many molecules of ATP

Answer 4

2

Question 5

in the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via anaerobic process called

Answer 5

fermentation

Question 6

in the presence of oxygen —– acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration

Answer 6

Pyruvic

Question 7

Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 7

Electron transport chain

Question 8

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Answer 8

oxygen

Question 9

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose

Answer 9

32

Question 10

The —– cycle is a cyclic series of reaction that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water and ATP

Answer 10

Krebs cycle

Question 11

What are the end-products of the complete oxidation of glucose

Answer 11

CO2, H2O, ATP

Question 12

the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called

Answer 12

glycogenesis

Question 13

when electrons bind to oxygen at the end of electron transport chain, —– if formed

Answer 13

water

Question 14

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Answer 14

oxygen

Question 15

refers to the synthesis of fats

Answer 15

lipogenesis

Question 16

fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called

Answer 16

beta oxidation

Question 17

By-products of incomplete oxidation of fats

Answer 17

ketone bodies

Question 18

when may ketoacidosis occur

Answer 18

pregnancy, starvation, untreated diabetes

Question 19

the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Answer 19

glycolysis

Question 20

what must occur before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose

Answer 20

deamination

Question 21

After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called

Answer 21

keto acid

Question 22

The removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as

Answer 22

deamination

Question 23

when is deamination necessary

Answer 23

when using protein for fuel

when using protein for gluconeogenesis

Question 24

The initial reaction of the krebs cycle involves the addition of what

Answer 24

2 carbon molecule to a 4 carbon molecule

Question 25

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 25

in the mitochondrion

Question 26

What will a single turn of the Krebs cycle yield?

Answer 26

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Question 27

What are the 4 layers of the stomach from external to internal?

Answer 27

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Question 28

which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus

Answer 28

cardiac region

Question 29

Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen

Answer 29

chief cell

Question 30

A polysaccharide consisting of long chains of glucose

Answer 30

starch

Question 31

enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic secretions that breaks down polysaccharides into small oligosaccharides and disaccharides such as maltose

Answer 31

amylase

Question 32

A small six-carbon sugar molecule found in starch and glycogen. A common monosaccharide

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

One individual molecule of sugar; the building blocks of carbohydrates

Answer 33

monosaccharide

Question 34

A carbon made up of two sugar molecules linked together

Answer 34

disaccharide

Question 35

a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules bound together

Answer 35

maltose

Question 36

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 36

simple sugar

Question 37

a carbohydrate made up of more than two sugar molecules linked together.

Answer 37

oligosaccharide

Question 38

a carbohydrate made up of hundreds to thousands of sugar molecules linked together

Answer 38

polysaccharide

Question 39

a plant-based polysaccharide

Answer 39

starch

Question 40

An animal based polysaccharide

Answer 40

glycogen

Question 41

a light blue solution that tests for many types of simple sugars

Answer 41

benedict reagent

Question 42

the muscle tone of the ---- along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its wall to bulge and form pouches called -------

Answer 42

taenia coli; haustra

Question 43

The proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes

Answer 43

pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase

Question 44

The ----- regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum

Answer 44

pyloric sphincter

Question 45

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ----- , where as protein digestion begins in the -----.

Answer 45

mouth; stomach

Question 46

the physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the bloodstream inside is called

Answer 46

absorption

Question 47

the outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium is called

Answer 47

serosa

Question 48

Everytime electrons move this is released

Answer 48

energy

Question 49

hydrogen will diffuse from the inter membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through

Answer 49

ATP synthase

Question 50

hydrolysis

Answer 50

break apart a molecule using H2O