digestion and absorption Flashcards
1
Q
space between lips and teeth is called __ aka ___
A
vestibule
tobacco cavity
2
Q
___ separates nasal and buccal cavity
A
palate
3
Q
anterior palate is made of __ boNE
A
palatine bone (hard bone)
4
Q
posterior palate is made of ___
A
muscle (aka soft palate)
5
Q
in hard palate there are permanent ridges called __
A
rugae
6
Q
swallowing is aka
A
deglutittion
7
Q
tongue is made of __ muscle and is covered by
A
skeletal
mucus memb.(epithelium that secretes mucus)
8
Q
tongue is free from anterioror posterior end
A
anterior
9
Q
tongue is attached posteriorly to __bone
A
hyoid
10
Q
___ is the visible part of a tooth
A
crown
11
Q
____ part of tooth is surrounded by gum
A
neck
12
Q
___ is the hardest substance of the body
A
enamel
13
Q
is enamel vascular
A
no
14
Q
enamel arises from embryonic cell called
A
ameloblast
15
Q
func. of periodental ligament
A
connect root if tooth to jaw soket
16
Q
acrodont teeth have ____ attachment with jaw bone and they are directed in ____ and ____ direction
A
superficial
upward.,downward
17
Q
examples of animals with acrodont teeth
A
frog, amphibians
18
Q
pleurodont teeth have ___ attachment with jawbone and are directed towards ___ side
A
inward
19
Q
pleurodont teeth are seen in
A
reptiles like snake
20
Q
___ teeth are embedded into jaw bone within bony socket
A
thecodont
21
Q
thecodont teeth are found in
A
mammals crocodile (the only reptile with thecodont teeth)
22
Q
teeth which show similar external appearence
A
homodont/ isodont
23
Q
homdont teeth are found in
A
amphbians and reptiles
24
Q
heterodont teeth are found in
A
mammals
25
no. of root and cusps in incisor
1
| 1
26
no. of root and cusps in caninie
1
| 1
27
no. of roots and cusps in premolar
2
| 2
28
no. of roots and cusps in molar
2
| many
29
teeth that grow on jawbone many times
polyphyodont
30
polyphyodontteeth are found in __ and __ teeth
acrodont
| pleurodont
31
teeth that grow on jaw bone twice
diphyodont
32
eg, of diphyodont teeth
human milk teeth (20 in no.)
33
teeth that grow on jaw bone only once
monophyodont
34
eg of monophyodont teeth
permanent teeth in human (12 in no.)
35
what hppens in hypsodont teeth
root canal remains broad
| memorize: HIPS ar e broad,, so HYP(sounds like hip)syodont teeth are the ones in which root canal remains broad
36
hypsyodont teeth are found in (4)
incisor of rabbit and rat
tusk of elephant
molar and pre molar of horse
37
what are brachyodont teeth
root canal narrows then closes
38
brachyodont teeth are found in
most mammal teeth
39
___,___,___ are macronutrients or proximate principles of food
Carbohydrates, lipids and
| proteins
40
___,___,___ are
| micronutrients or protective principles of food
Minerals, vitamins and water
41
An adult human has __ teeth
32
42
The dental formula of an adult human is
2123/2123
43
Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold called_____ of the tongue
Frenulum
44
___________ divides tongue into phrangeal(posterior part) and oral(anterior part)
Sulcus terminalis (inverted V shaped furrow)
45
Smallest, most abundant pappilae with no tastebuds
Filiform pappilae
46
Appear as red dots on tongue and contain taste buds
Fungiform pappilae
47
_____ pappilae are absent in man
Foliate
48
______ papillae are largest inbsize and kbob like with taste buds
Circumvalate
49
Tip of tongue detects which taste
Sweet
50
Salt is tasted by which part of the tongue
Tip and sides
51
Sour is tasted by which part of the tongue
Side
52
Bitter is tasted by which part of the tongue
Base( memorize like b for bitter and b for base)
53
Sweat glands of ____ are present on tongue
Dog ( panting of dog)
54
____ is the common passge for food and air
Pharynx
55
___ is the opening pf the windpipe
Glottis
56
Define epiglottis
A cartelageneous flap which prevents entry of food into glottis while swallowing
57
Stomach is locatd in ____ portion of the abdominal cavity
Uppr left portion
58
Name the 4 parts of our stomach
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
59
Oesophagus opens into ___ part of stomach
Cardiac
60
_____ part of stonach opens into firt part of intestine ( duodenum)
Pyloric
61
Name the 3 parts of the S.I. In order
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum(memorize spelling)
62
Which part of S.I. is C shaped
Duodenum
63
Long, coiled and middle portion of small intestine
Jejunum
64
Highly coiled, longest portion of the small intestine
Ileum
65
Which sphincter regulates opening of stomach into duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
66
____ has folds called villi towards the lumen of theintestine
Mucosa layer
67
Intestinal glands aka
Crypts of leiberkuhn
68
Paneth cells in intestine secrete what
Digestive enzymes
69
Argentaffin cells secrete
Probably secrete hormones
70
Brunners gland are located in which layer of DUODENUM
Sub mucos
71
What do Brunners glands secrete
Mucus
72
Diffused patches of lymphoid tissues are present thru out the S.I. And are aggregated in the ileum to form ____
Peyers patches
73
Name the 3 parts of the L.I. In order
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
74
Which part of small intestine hosts symbiotic microorganisms
Caecum
75
Vermiform appendix which is a finger like tubular projection that is vestigial in humans arises from
Caecum
76
The caecum opens into the ___
Colon
77
The colon is divided into 3 parts namely
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
78
What is sigmoid colon
Terminal section of large intestine which connects descending colon to rectum
79
__ colon lacks mesentey
Ascending
80
____ is the storage site for faecal matter
Rectum
81
Wall of alikentary canal from oesophagus to rectum has 4 layers namely
```
From outside to inside:
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
```
82
Serosa layer is madeof
Mesothelim(epithelium of visceral organs)
| Some connective tissues
83
Serosa layer is absent in ____
Oesophagus
84
Instead of serosa, the outermost layer of oesophagus is
Fibrous layer(external adventitia)
85
Muscularis layer is formed by
Smooth muscles
86
Smooth muscles in muscularis are arranfed into inner ___and outer ___ layer
Circular
| Longitudinal
87
A ___ layer is found inner to the ciruclar muscle fibre of muscularis layer in stomach
Oblique muscle lauer
88
The sub mucosa layer is formed of ___ containing ____,____,____
Loose connective tissue
Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
89
____ is the innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal
Mucosa
90
______ layer forms irregular folds called ____ in the stomach and villi in the intestine
Mucosa
| Rugae
91
Name the middle layer of mucosa
Lamina propria
92
Villi are supplied with with a network of cappilaries and a large lymph vessel called -
Lacteal
93
Mucosal epithelium has _____ cells which secrete mucous that helps in lubrication
Goblet
94
Mucosa forms glands in stomach called -
Gastric glands
95
Mucosa forms crypts in between bases of villi called
Crypts of leiberkhun
96
The layers of the alimentary canal have network if nerve fibres called
Plexus
97
myentric plexus/plexus of auerbach controls ____________ and is present in_________
Peristaltic movements in in alimentary canal
| Present in between lonitudinal and circular muscles of muscularis layer
98
Outer layer of mucosa us called
Muscularis(the second layer of ali. Canal is also called muscularis so dont get confused)
99
_____ contain fibres from both autonomic nervous systems (sym. And parasym.)
Myentric plexus or plexus of auerbach
100
Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus is present in between
Muscular coat and the mucosa(thats why it is called submucosal because submucosa is in between muscular coat or muscularis and the mucosa layer)
101
Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus controls?
Secretions of different digestive glands
102
Name the three digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
103
Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands
Parotids
Sub maxillary aka sub mandibular
Sub linguals
104
Whixh salivary glands are found near the cheek
Parotids
105
Which are the largest salivary glands
Parotid
106
Parotid open thru which duct
Stensons duct
107
Which salivary glands r found at lower jaw
sub maxillary or sub mandibular
108
Which salivary gl. Open thru whartons duct
Sub maxillary or submandibular
109
Which glands contribute maximally to saliva production
Sub maxillary or submandibular
110
Sub lingual salivary gland location
Found below tongue
111
Smallest salivary glands
Sub lingual
112
Sub lingual salivary gland open thru which duct
Rivinus duct
113
Daily secretion of saliva is how many litees
1.5
114
pH of saliva is
6.8
115
Saliva has ____ and ______ and _____ and _____
Salivary amylase or ptyalin
Lysozyme
Enzymes
Electrolytes like Na+, K+ Cl- HCO3-
116
Salivary amylase is aka
Ptyalin
117
Saliva is secreted by stimulation of which nervous system
ParaSympathetic
118
Saliva: reduced secretion. by stimulation of which nervous system
sympathetiv
119
which ions are required for activation of salivary amylase
Cl-
120
Which is the largest gland of the body
Liver
121
How much does the liver weigh
1.2 to 1.5 kg
122
Where is the liver situated
Abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
123
Liver has two lobes, namely
Left, right
124
What are the structural and functional units of the liver
Hepatic lobules
125
Hepatic lobules cpntain hepatic cells arranged in the form of ?
Cords
126
Each hepatic lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the?
Glissons capsule
127
Hepatic cells secrete ____ which is transported to gall vladder thru hepatic ducts
Bile
128
Additional functions of liver include
Storage of Fat and urea synthesis
129
GAll bladeer has capcity of how many ml
30-50 ml
130
Inn gall bladded , bile is ___&____
Stored and concentrated
131
___&____ form the common bile duct
Duct of gall bladder(cystic duct) along with hepatic duct from the liver for, the common bile duct
132
The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together in to duodenum as the _________ whoch is guarded by sphicter called?
Common hepato pancreatic duct
| Sphicter of Oddi
133
______ is a compoundgland related to digestion
pancreas (both endo and exocrine)
134
Where are pancreas situated
Between limbs of C shaped duodenum
135
The ____ part of pancreas secreatesalkaline pancreatic juice containing various emzymes
Exocrine
136
The endocrine part of pancreas secrets (3)
Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
137
Name the 2 ducts associated with pancreas
Duct of Santorini
| Suct of Wirsung
138
Which is athe accessory or non functional duct, which opens into duodenum associated with pancreas
Duct of santorini
139
Function of duct of wirsung
Combines wihth bile duct to form common hepato pamcreatic duct
140
Buccal cavity has two major functions which are ?
Mastication of food
| Facilitation of swallowing
141
Chemical process of digestion is initiated in the ?
Oral cavity
142
Ptyalin ( salivary amylase) hydrolyses _____% of starch into _______ at pH 6.8
30%
| Disaccharide: maltose
143
Function of lysozyme in saliva
Antibacterial agent that prevents infections
144
Swallowing is aka
Deglutition
145
The ___ of stomach has gastric glands
Mucosa
146
Gastric glands have 3 major types of cellsnamely
Mucus neck cells
Peptic or chief cells
Parietal or oxyntic cells
147
Mucus neck cells secrete?
Mucous
148
Peptic or cheif cells secrete
Proenzyme called pepsinogen
149
Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor(factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine)
150
What is intrinsic factor
factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine
151
Stomach stores food for how many hrs
4-5
152
When food coming from the oesophagus mixes with gastric juice of the stomach by its churning movements, it is called?
Chyme
153
The proenzyme pepsinogen in exposure to HCl gets converted into active enzyme :____
Pepsin
154
Name the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach
Pepsin
155
Pepsin converts proteins into ___&____
Proteoses
| Petpones(aka peptides)
156
The mucous and ___ in gastric jui e help in lubrication and prevent damaging of mucosal epithelim due to HCl (conc.)
Bicarbonates
157
pH of HCl in stomach (which is optmal for functioning of pepsin)
1.8
158
HCl ofhastric juice converts Fe?+ to Fe?+ , which makes absorption of iron possible
3+ (Ferric) to 2+(Ferrous)
159
Non secretion of HCl is called
Achlohydria
160
Non secretion of HCl or gastrectomy can lead to ____
Anemia
161
what is proteolytic enzymethat is found in gastric juice of infants whaich helps in digestion of milk proteins
Rennin
162
Samll amount of ___ are secreted by gastric glands
Lipases
163
Name the 3 secretions that are released into the small intestine
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
164
Bile amd pancreatic juice are released into small intestine thru which duct
Hepato-pancreatic duct
165
Name the inactive enzymes(6) in pancreatic juice
```
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidases
Amylases
Lipases
Nucleases
```
166
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called _____ which is secreted by the _____
Enterokinase
| Intestinal mucosa
167
____ activates the other enzymes in pancreatic juice
Trypsin
168
Name the two bile pigments
Bilirubin
| Bilivordin
169
Name the 3 bile salts
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium glycocholate
Sodium taurocholate
170
Just read this ❤️👌🏻
BILE HAS NO ENZYME
171
___helps in emulsification of fats
Bile
172
____ activates lipases
Bile
173
The intestinal mucosal epitheilium has _____ cells which secrete mucus
Goblet cells
174
The secretions of brush border cells along with goblet cells constitute ____
Intestinal juice or succus enteriicus
