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MS1422017S2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Name the order of layers in a tooth from enamel to pulp:

A

Enamel, periodontal ligament, cementum, detin, pulp

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2
Q

Describe the pulp:

A

It is a soft tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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3
Q

Describe the dentin:

A

It is similar to bone but contains odotondoblasts. Occurs near by the pulp not throughout the dentin

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4
Q

Describe enamel:

A

Crystilline rods or prisms of calcium/phosphate and carbonate. It contains no cells, so no sensation

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5
Q

What is the hardest tissue of the body?

A

Enamel

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6
Q

Describe cementum:

A

Calcified connective tissue covering the root

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7
Q

Describe the peridontal ligament:

A

Collagen fibres linking the bone of the socket (alveolar bone) to the cementum. It has a rapid turnover so it is constantly broken down and remade. Embedded in the ligament are mechanoreceptors that sense stretch and act as a protector and force transmitter.

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8
Q

What types of muscle fibres are found in the tounge?

A

Verticle, longitunal and trabsverse

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of pipillae found on the tongue?

A

Filliform
Fungiform
Vallate

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10
Q

Describe filiform papillae:

A

No taste buds (pointy)

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11
Q

Describe fungiform papillae:

A

Some taste buds

Rounded

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12
Q

Describe vallate pipillae:

A

They have lots of taste buds and a moat

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13
Q

What do mucus cells secrete and why?

A

A viscous solution for lubrication

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14
Q

What do serous cells secrete and why?

A

A watery secretion that consists of amylase and lysozome

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15
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivery glands and what do they secrete?

A

Parotid (serous)
Sublingual (mucus)
Submandibular (mixed)

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16
Q

What is saliva made up of?

A

Water, mucus and enzymes

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17
Q

When do salivery glands secrete their secretions?

A

After parasympathetic stimulation induced by seeing etc food

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18
Q

What is the omentum?

A

A large, apron like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach

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19
Q

What are the 4 ways of increasing surface area?

A
  1. Circular folds - plicae circulare
  2. Upwards projections (into lumen) - evaginations e.g villi
  3. Downwards projections - invaginations e.g glands
  4. Gross convolutions
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20
Q

What are the 4 linings of the gut tube starting from the lumen?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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21
Q

What makes up the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria - loose connective tissue that carries blood vessels, nerves and defence cells
  3. Muscularis mucosae - 2 layers of smooth muscle - inner circular and outer longitudinal
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22
Q

What makes up the submucosa?

A

A thick bed of loose connective tissue carrying larger blood vessels, lymph and nerves (submucosal plexus)

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23
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle inner circular and outer longitudinal. Contains the myenteric nerve plexus

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24
Q

What makes up the serosa?

A

A slippery outer covering for the gut tube (except oesophagus). It is 2 layered with outermost mesothelial cells sitting on a bed of connective tissue. It is also known as the visceral peritoneum and when it is not attached to a body cavity it is adventitia

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25
Q

What controls the submucosal plexus and the myenteric nerve plexus?

A

The enteric nerve system which is self governing and is influenced by the autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

When the oesophagus is empty, what shape is it?

A

Collapsed

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27
Q

What are the 3 functions of the oesophagus?

A

Transport
Protection
No absorption, little secretion and no digestion

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28
Q

What is special about the epithelium layer of the oesophagus?

A

It is stratified squamous with a sacrificial layer for protection against hard food. Cells are replaced by division in basal layers then slow migration outwards. Old cells are shed from the surface outwards

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29
Q

What is special about the external muscle of the oesophagus?

A

It has some skeletal muscle in the upper third of the oesophagus to allow for rapid contraction and voluntary swallowing

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30
Q

What is special about the serosa on the esophagus?

A

It is a fibrous adventitia, because it does not lie in a body cavity

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31
Q

What is the shape of the stomach and how much can it hold?

A

A J shaped bag that hold 1.5L

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32
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Storage

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33
Q

On what side of the body can the stomach be found?

A

The left side

34
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach and what do they do?

A

Cardia - mucus glands
Fundae - secretes acid, enzymes and mucus
Body - secretes acid, enzymes and mucus
Pylorus - mucus glands

35
Q

When the stomach is empty what does it look like?

A

Lined with longitudinal folds called rugae

36
Q

What is special about the epithelium of the stomach?

A

Forms many pits lined with mucus secreting cells and gastric glands which open into the pits

37
Q

What is special about the muscle external in the stomach?

A

It has 3 layers instead of 2 with an innermost oblique layer for churning

38
Q

What cells make up the mucosa of the stomach?

A 
Surface mucus cell - secrete into lumen
Undifferentiated cells
Parietal cells (fried eggs)
Mucus neck cells - secrete into lumen
Chief cells - secrete into lumen
Gastrin cells - secrete into blood vessels
39
Q

What do the parietal cells do?

A

They secrete H+ and Cl- (HCl) into the lumen to sterilise and kill the microbes. It makes an acidic environment. Also secretes intrinsic factor which absorbs vit B12 and is essential for RBC synthesis

40
Q

What do the chief cells do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase. Pepsinogen is converted into the protein splitting enzyme pepsin in the lumen by acid

41
Q

What do the surface mucus cells do?

A

They secrete insoluble alkaline mucus to protect the mucosa from acid and pepsin. They eventually disintegrate so they need to be replaced by undifferentiated stem cells. Not enough of these cells can lead to ulceration

42
Q

What do gastrin cells do?

A

Enteroendocrine. Gastrin enters the blood stream as a hormone, stimulates secretion of acid and pepsinogen. Increases muscular contractions of the stomach, relaxes pyloric sphincter. Stimulated by eating food and causes the gastrin cells to wake up the rest of the cell.

43
Q

What do the mucus neck cells do?

A

Secrete soluble acid mucus at mealtimes

44
Q

What type of cells are in the liver?

A

Epithelial cells called hepatocytes which do everything and are derived from embryonic endoderm

45
Q

What does each hepatocyte require?

A

Access to nutrient laden blood
Access to oxygenated blood
Access to bile ducts

46
Q

What do the bile ducts do?

A

They drain the bile to the gall bladder

47
Q

What does bile do?

A

It emulsifys so it breaks down large lipid globules into smaller ones. Increases the surface area for pancreatic enzyme action. It absorbs fats

48
Q

On either side of the hepatocytes is a fenestrated endothelial cell layer, describe it:

A

These cells act as a filter and allow passage of watery parts of blood (lymph), but not red blood cells

49
Q

Describe a hepatocyte structure in between 2 sinusoids:

A

There is the sinusoid, then a fenestrated endothelial layer of liver sinusoid. Then there is the lymph space of disse which has microvilli which are attached by tight junctions to bile caniculi. There is a hepatocyte in the middle

50
Q

How are liver lobules formed?

A

By stacking plates of hepatocytes.

51
Q

Describe the blood supply etc in a liver lobule:

A

In the sinusoid there is mixed blood (O2 rich and nutrient laden). Oxygenated blood comes in via the hepatic artery (systemic) and nutrient laden blood comes in via the hepatic portal vein. Blood leaves the lobule through the central vein and then goes to the IVC. Bile travels away from the hepatocytes in caniculli, leading to the bile ducts.

52
Q

What is the portal triad made up of?

A

Portal vein
Portal artery
Bile ducts

53
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine gland or exocrine?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

54
Q

Describe the pancreas:

A

It makes the precursors of digestive enzymes and secretes them as an alkaline pancreatic juice via a duct system to the duodenum.

55
Q

What are most food substances digested by and where?

A

Pancreatic juice in the duodenum

56
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreas:

A

Acini leaves contain secretory serous glands and form intercalated ducts which then come together to form small branches and finally the main pancreatic duct

57
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

58
Q

What does the upper end of the small intestine receive?

A

Iiver - bile stored in gall bladder

Pancreas - pancreatic juice

59
Q

What is the order in the small intestine?

A

D J Ileum

60
Q

What is special about the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

It has highly specialised cells to increase the surface area for secretion and absorption

61
Q

What is special about the submucosa of the small intestine?

A

Just downstream of the pyloric sphincter contains mucus glands called brunners glands which make HCo3- to neutralise acidic chyme and optimise pH for pancreatic enzymes

62
Q

Describe the structure of the plicae in the small intestine:

A

Each pilca is covered in mucosa and has a core of submucosa

63
Q

Describe the structure of villi in the small intestine:

A

Covering is epithelium, core in lamina propria

64
Q

What forms the brush border on the cells in the intestine?

A

Microvilli

65
Q

Name the mucosa layers found in the small intestine:

A 
Columnar absorpitive cells (enterocytes)
Goblet cells
Undifferentiated cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
66
Q

What is coeliacs disease?

A

Villus atrophy - impaired absorption

67
Q

What is the gland called under the villus?

A

Intestial gland - crypts of lieberkuhn

68
Q

What do the columnar cells in the small intestine do?

A

Absorb the small molecules resulting from digestion

69
Q

What do the goblet cells do in the small intestine?

A

Secrete mucus for lubrication

70
Q

What do the enteroendocrine cells do in the small intestine?

A

Secrete the hormone secretin into capillaries of lamina propria

71
Q

What do the paneth cells do in the small intestine?

A

Secrete bactericidal enzyme lysozyme and are phagocytic for defence

72
Q

Are there lymph vessels in the small intestine?

A

Yep it is called the lacteal the drain the absorbed lipids and drain into the venous system. It contains smooth muscle along the sides of the lamina propria and they shorten the villus.

73
Q

All the cells move up except….

A

Paneth

74
Q

Describe the order of structures in the large intestine:

A 
Ileum
Veriform appendix
Ilioceacal sphincter
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum 
Anus
75
Q

What are the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of salt and water
Conversion of chyme into faeces
Secretion to lubricate faeces

76
Q

In the caecum what is responsible for digestion?

A

Bacteria

77
Q

What is special about the mucosa of the small intestine?

A 
Has no villi, lots of intestinal glands
Enterocytes are epithelial cells
Goblet cells - no paneth
Lots pf lymphocytes in the lamina propria
Hs white blood cells for defence
78
Q

What is special about the external muscle of the large intestine?

A

3 strips (teniae coli) which contract to pull the tube into sacs called haustra coli

79
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the anus?

A

Stratified squamous

80
Q

What cells are found in the mucosa of the colon?

A

Columnar absorbitive cells
Goblet cells - mucus
Undifferentiated cells
White blood cells - lymphocytes to provide defence against bacteria

81
Q

The rectum makes up the last ____ cm and the anal canal is the last ____ cm:

A

20,2

82
Q

Describe the urge to defecate:

A

It is felt when the rectum has reached 25% capacity. Stretching of the anal wall initiates a reflex contraction of the teniae coli if descending colon and rectum. Shortening of this part of the gut tube increased pressure in the rectum, causing the internal anal sphincter to open

MS1422017S2 (8 decks)

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