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DAT BIO > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudopodia

A

temporary protrusions of the cell membrane found in protists for cell movement and feeding.

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2
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs in digestive system

A

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion begin where in the body?

A

Mouth

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4
Q

What enzyme is used in chemical digestion?

A

Salivary amylase

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5
Q

What does salivary amylase break down? What does it break down into?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose (glucose + glucose)

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6
Q

Maltose is composed of what

A

glucose + glucose

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7
Q

What types of muscle does the esophagus have and in what specific location?

A

upper third: skeletal muscle, lower third: smooth muscle, middle third: mix of smooth/skeletal

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8
Q

Where does food enter the stomach through?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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9
Q

The stomach lining is filled with ______ ______ leading to _____ ______

A

gastric pits, gastric glands

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10
Q

Food entry causes the stomach to ______, signaling ____ _____ to release ______

A

distend, G cells, gastrin

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11
Q

What are gastrin’s two functions?

A
  1. Stimulates parietal cells to release acidic gastric juice
  2. Stimulates chief cells to secrete gastric lipase & pepsinogen→pepsin
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12
Q

Parietal cells to release _____

A

Acidic gastric juice (HCl)

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13
Q

What does gastric lipase do? Where is it found?

A
  • Breaks down fats to fatty acids + glycerol
  • Found in stomach
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14
Q

What does pepsinogen do? Where is it found?

A
  • Activates to pepsin in acid
  • It is a zymogen
  • Found in stomach
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15
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

an inactive enzyme precursor that prevents digestion of cell itself

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16
Q

What does pepsin do? Where is it found?

A
  • Cleaves peptide bonds (proteins → amino acids)
  • Found in stomach
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17
Q

What is chyme? What structure does it exit through and to?

A
  • Acidic, semi-digested food
  • Exits to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter
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18
Q

3 parts of the small intestine?

A

DJ Eye (I)
Duodenum, Jejenum, Ileum

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19
Q

_______ cells secrete _______ to protect the epithelial lining from acidic chyme

A

Goblet, mucus

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20
Q

Chyme triggers the release of what in the small intestine?

A

Secretin

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21
Q

What is secretin function? What structure does it utilize to release its ions?

A

Stimulates the pancreas to release basic bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

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22
Q

Why would the small intestine release CCK?

A

in response to detecting proteins and fats entering the small intestine

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23
Q

What 3 things occur after CCK is released?

A
  1. Slows gastric emptying
  2. Stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes (trypsin)
  3. Gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum
24
Q

What molecule neutralizes the acidic chyme? Released by what?

A

HCO3-
Pancreas

25
Main function of bile? Bile is produced by what? Stored in what?
- Important for absorption of fats in diet and emulsifies fats - Liver - Galbladder
26
Inside the villus, nutrients are absorbed into ____ _______ and fats into _______.
- blood capillaries - lacteals
27
Villi are made up of what?
enterocytes
28
Liver functions
PUSHDoG Protein synthesis Urea synthesis Storage Hormone synthesis DetOxification Glucose/Fat Metabolism
29
What 3 things does the pancreas release
HCO3- pancreatic amylase proteases
30
Pancreatic amylase does what
starch → maltose
31
Proteases do what What are the 2 important proteases?
Digest proteins → amino acids - Trypsin and chymotrypsin
32
In the duodenum, ______ converts trypsinogen to trypsin
Enteropeptidase
33
______ converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.
Trypsin
34
Crypts are ______ contain cells that secrete _____ and produce new ______ cells for the lining.
invaginations, enzymes, epithelial
35
The liver destroys....? Using what kind of cells?
erythrocytes and bacteria Kupffer cells
36
Explain what Kupffer cells break down
Break down hemoglobin in RBCs to bilirubin for secretion in bile
37
Glycogenesis
converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver
38
Glycogenolysis
breaks down glycogen to glucose for bodily use (between meals).
39
Gluconeogenesis
converts glycerol and amino acids into glucose when glycogen stores are depleted.
40
In the liver, what is converted to urea for safer excretion?
Ammonia
41
Water and mineral absorption occur where?
At the cecum
42
In the colon ______ absorption is completed, hardening feces.
water
43
Large intestine 3 main functions
1. Water absorption 2. Mineral absorption 3. Vitamin production & absorption
44
Explain the 3 things bacteria does in the large intestine
- Bacteria produce vitamins B and K (absorbed) - Metabolize bile acid - Ferment fiber
45
A healthy microbiome will have ______ levels of all the bacteria needed for bile acid metabolism, while an _____ microbiome will not, impairing function
sufficient, unhealthy
46
What produces gastrin?
G cells of the stomach
47
What produces secretin?
Duodenum
48
What produces CCK?
Duodenum
49
What produces gastric lipase?
Chief cells
50
What produces pancreatic amylase?
pancreas
51
What produces pepsinogen?
Chief cells of the stomach
52
What produces trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen?
pancreas
53
What produces enteropeptidase? Function?
duodenum Trypsinogen → Trypsin
54
Over 99% of bacteria in the large intestine are ______ ________
obligate ANaerobes **also facultative ANaerobes**
55
where are goblet cells found?
Small intestine

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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