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Anatomy > Digestive, Urinary, Endocrine, Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Digestive, Urinary, Endocrine, Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Mesentary

A

Double sheet of peritoneal membrane

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2
Q

Function of mesentery?

A

Lines abdominal organs; prevents them from tangling and twisting

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3
Q

What is the mucosal layer?

A

epithelial layer of gut

contains cilia

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4
Q

submucosal layer?

A

connective tissues

contains vessels and glands

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5
Q

muscular externa?

A

smooth muscle layer

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6
Q

serosa?

A

peritoneal membrane

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7
Q

what is the kind and fxn of the epithelium in the digestive tract?

A

stratified squamous; tough; for food to pass through without damage

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8
Q

why the circular folds contain villi?

A

to increase surface area for absorption (sp. in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed)

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9
Q

what do the secretory glands do?

A

secrete digestive enzymes

within the mucosa and submucosa

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10
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

the contraction of smooth muscle within the digestive tract; moving food from one segment to another

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11
Q

how does peristalsis work?

A

longitudinal - contracts before bolus moves to it

circular - contracts and moves the bolus FORWARD.

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12
Q

what are some factors making the gut move?

A 
changes in pH
mechanical distortion of the gut wall
chemical signals (secretions from mucosa)
specific nutrients
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13
Q

fxn of oral cavity

A

begin mechanical digestion

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14
Q

fxn of pharynx

A

muscular contraction into esophagus

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15
Q

fxn of stomach

A

chemical breakdown of food by acids, enzymes, and muscular contraction

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16
Q

fxn of small intestine

A

absorption of organic substrates- ions, vitamins, nutrients

AND h2o

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17
Q

fxn of large intestine

A

h2o absorption, dehydration and compaction to prepare for elimination

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18
Q

ingestion

A

when food and drink enters the oral cavity

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19
Q

mechanical processing

A

breakdown without chemical means

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20
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into absorbable parts

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21
Q

secretion

A

release of water, enzymes, buffers through epithelium (ducts)

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22
Q

absorption

A

movement of products across the membrane of the epithelium

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23
Q

compaction

A

dehydration of indigestible material

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24
Q

uvula

A

prevents food from getting up into nasal cavity

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25
Q

what is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel of teeth

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26
Q

function of incisors?

A

clipping and cutting

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27
Q

function of canines?

A

tearing and slashing

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28
Q

function of premolars?

A

crushing, mashing, grinding

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29
Q

function of molars

A

crushing and grinding

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30
Q

what is primary dentition?

A

the first set of teeth (baby teeth)

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31
Q

palatine tonsil?

A

body’s first line of defense

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32
Q

how many teeth in secondary dentition?

A

32 (28 w/o wisdom teeth)

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33
Q

term for swallowing?

A

deglutition

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34
Q

buccal phase of swallowing

A

moved by tongue to oropharynx; uvula flips up

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35
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

through pharynx; epiglottis closes

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36
Q

esophageal phase

A

moves toward stomach; peristalsis

autonomic nervous system takes over

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37
Q

what and where are the parts of the stomach?

A

cardia - connects to esophagus
fundus - top portion
body - largest portion (middle)
pylorus - connects to small intestine

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38
Q

what are the folds in the stomach called?

A

RUGAE.

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39
Q

what is the oblique layer in the stomach for?

A

(muscular layer) for churning

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40
Q

functions of the stomach

A

store food
mechanically break down food
chemical breakdown

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41
Q

what is the intrinsic factor?

A

the process that breaks down B vitamins- necessary for RBC production

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42
Q

3 pars of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, illeum

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43
Q

function of duodenum

A

mixing bowl of small intestine

receives chyme from stomach

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44
Q

function of jejunum

A

where most absorption and chemical digestion occurs

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45
Q

function of ileum

A

end, prepping to extract water out

leading to large intestine

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46
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A

ascending, hepatic flexure, transverse, splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid flexure, sigmoid, rectum, anus

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47
Q

functions of the colon

A

absorbs water
absorbs certain vitamins
excretes indigestible material

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48
Q

where are the parotid salivary glands?

A

under the ear (duct at maxillary teeth)

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49
Q

what kind of secretion for parotid salivary glands?

A

watery

amylase

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50
Q

where are the submandibular salivary glands?

A

under the jaw

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51
Q

what kind of secretion of submandibular salivary glands?

A

watery, mucus, amylase

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52
Q

where are the sublingual salivary glands?

A

under the tongue

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53
Q

what kind of secretion is sublingual salivary glands?

A

mucus- for lubrication

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54
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A

right, left, caudate, quadrate

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55
Q

major functions of the liver

A 
makes bile
stores glycogen and lipids
maintains [conc] of macronutrients
inactivates toxins
stores Fe
stores fat-soluble vitamins
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56
Q

what makes up the common bile duct

A

common hepatic and cystic ducts

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57
Q

what is emulsification?

A

the breakdown of fats by gallstones into the small intestine

58
Q

functions of pancreas

A

breaks down:

fats, carbs, RNA, DNA, protein

59
Q

functions of the urinary system

A 
adjusting blood volume and BP
regulating plasma [conc] of ions
stabilizing blood pH 
conserving nutrients by preventing their loss (in urine)
removing toxins in bloodstream
60
Q

what happens when blood volume gets too low

A

the kidneys shut down in order to conserve blood

61
Q

fibrous capsule

A

lines kidney for protection

62
Q

renal cortex

A

outside surface that we can see

63
Q

renal medulla

A

cortex and sinuses

64
Q

renal pyramid

A

conal structures within kidney

cross-section

65
Q

renal papillae

A

tips of renal pyramids

66
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

67
Q

major calyx

A

3-4 minor calyces

68
Q

minor calyx

A

collects urine

69
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary network where filtration occurs

70
Q

proximal tubule

A

responsible for MOST reabsorption of H2O, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, ions

71
Q

loop of henle

A

responsible for reabsorption of h2o and ions

72
Q

distal tubule

A

small amt of water reabsorption and ions

73
Q

collecting duct

A

where it actually becomes urine

74
Q

renal corpuscle

A

where blood is filtered

75
Q

where does the endocrine system secrete its products?

A

into the bloodstream

76
Q

hypothalamus

A

REGULATORY hormones

77
Q

pituitary

A

hormones of endocrine glands

78
Q

anterior of pituitary

A

distributed to systemic circulation

to endocrine glands

79
Q

posterior of pituitary

A

release hormones at capillary beds
to systemic
to cells, tissues, and other parts of the body

80
Q

how do regulatory hormones work?

A

they both inhibit and stimulate

81
Q

thyroid

A

stimulation of tissue metabolism

82
Q

parathyroid

A

calcium homeostasis

83
Q

adrenal glands

A

water and electrolyte balance
glucose metabolism
sex hormones

84
Q

what are the hormones that the adrenal glands produce?

A

cortisol (stress)

androgens (sex hormones)

85
Q

pancreas

A

regulates blood glucose

86
Q

what are the two hormones that the pancreas produces?

A

insulin (blood glucose too high)

glucagon (blood glucose too low)

87
Q

pineal gland

A

regulates processes that follow the day/night pattern

88
Q

what are the parts of the male reproductive system

A

gonads
accessory glands
external genitalia

89
Q

penis

A

erectile tissue (external genitalia)

90
Q

scrotum

A

sac that holds gonads (testes)

external genitalia

91
Q

seminiferous tubule

A

where sperm are produced

92
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule around testis

93
Q

epididymus

A

coiled tube that runs from the testis to the prostate

94
Q

where is testosterone produced

A

in the testes

95
Q

how is the production of testosterone regulated?

A

by FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (lutenizing hormone)

96
Q

what is the spermatic cord made up of?

A

the vas deferens, gonadal artery, gonadal veins, and nerves

97
Q

seminal vesicles

A

produce the majority of fluid that makes up the semen

98
Q

prostate gland

A

produces (about 30%) seminal fluid

the urethra runs through it

99
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

creates a thick, mucus secretion

100
Q

function of bulbourethral secretion?

A

thick mucus secretion neutralizes the acid that may remain in the urethra due to the acidity of urine

101
Q

what is semen?

A

sperm + all secretions

from seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

102
Q

what is the scrotum composed of?

A

thin layer of skin and underlying superficial fascia

103
Q

what separates the right and left testes?

A

a fascial septum

104
Q

what are the muscles of ejaculation?

A

ischocavernosis & bulbospongiosis

105
Q

corpus spongiuosum

A

erectile tissue

connected to the glans penis

106
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

2x

surround the corpus spongiosum

107
Q

arousal

A

neurotransmitters allow the erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa & corpus sponguosum) to relax and fill with blood
becomes engorged

108
Q

emission

A

contractions of glands in penis, semen enters urethra

109
Q

ejaculation

A

rhythmic contractions of ischiocavernosum & bulbospongiosum muscles
sperm is ejected from urethra

110
Q

gonads (female)

A

ovaries

eggs + estrogen + progesterone

111
Q

accessory glands (female)

A

uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
glands + secretions

112
Q

external genitalia

A

clitorus
labia major
labia minora

113
Q

primordial follicles

A

start of where eggs are released

114
Q

flow of egg through ovary

A

primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> secondary follicle –> vesicular follicle –> Graafian

115
Q

what happens in the Graafian follicle

A

it collapses and forms the CORPUS LUTEUM

secretes hormones for pregnancy

116
Q

what happens if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A

the corpus luteum is disintegrated

117
Q

perimetrium

A

serosa lining of the uterus

118
Q

myometrium

A

smooth muscle layer of uterus

119
Q

endometrium

A

glandular lining, what is shed during menstruation

120
Q

menstration

A

shedding of the endometrium (days 1-6)

121
Q

pre-ovulation

A

thickening of cervical mucus (days 7-12)

122
Q

ovulation

A

part of cycle where pregnancy is most likely to occur (days 12-15)

123
Q

premenstrual phase

A

endometrium is thickening

124
Q

proliferative phase

A

reorganization of uterine glands

125
Q

secretory phase

A

glands enlarge

corpus luteum is intact

126
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

gondatropin hormone

127
Q

what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland release?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenizing hormone

128
Q

what does FSH produce?

A

estrogen

129
Q

what does LH produce?

A

ovulation

progesterone

130
Q

what does the ovary do in terms of hormones?

A

releases estrogen and progesterone

131
Q

vagina

A

elastic muscular tube (accessory)

132
Q

function of vagina

A

tube for elim of menstrual fluid
birth canal
receives male penis, passageway for sperm

133
Q

clitoris

A

erectile tissue

produces pleasurable sensations during sexual activity

134
Q

ischiocavernosis

A

lateral muscle

contracts during female orgasm

135
Q

bulbospongiosis

A

medial muscle

contracts during female orgasm

136
Q

vestibular gland

A

produces mucus secretions (like male)

137
Q

vestibular bulb

A

erectile tissue

138
Q

function of mammary glands

A

provide nourishment to infants

139
Q

lactation

A

the production of milk

140
Q

function of suspensory ligaments of the breast

A

“anchors” the breast to the thoracic wall

Anatomy (5 decks)

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