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pathology > Diseases of the respiratory system (unit 11) > Flashcards

Diseases of the respiratory system (unit 11) Flashcards

1
Q
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
A

Upper respiratory system

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2
Q
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
A

Lower respiratory system

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3
Q

Usually in response to infections, allergens, irritants, streptococcus bacteria.

  • cold and flu viruses, other viruses, diphtheria (bacteria, swollen neck)
  • dust, pollens, allergens
  • Fumes (irritating fumes)

** Lesions from most of these will contain mucus , less commonly pus and dead cells.

A

URS: Acute Inflammation

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4
Q

Bacterial, sore throat, low-grade fever, swollen neck

- Contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing.

A

Diphtheria

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5
Q

Catarrhal

A

Mucus

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6
Q

Purulent

A

Pus

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7
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane; may cause runny nose, watery eyes, stuffy head, sore throat, sneezing, fever.

A

Rhinitis

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8
Q

Acute inflammation, may lead to sinusitis.

A

Common cold (acute rhinitis)

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9
Q

Acute inflammation with discharge of mucus; a head cold (viral infection which settles in the mucus membranes of the nose).

A

Coryza

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10
Q

Inflammation due to allergies.

A

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

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11
Q

Inflammation of mucus membrane lining paranasal sinuses (cavities) caused by infections.

A

Sinusitis

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12
Q

Inflammation of the throat; caused by irritation, smoking, viral or bacterial (strep) infections.

A

Pharyngitis

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13
Q

Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) and vocal chords; may follow rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis.

Caused by mechanical injury or laryngeal cancer.

A

Laryngitis

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14
Q

The voice box.

A

Larynx

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15
Q

Inflammation of the tonsils. (lymphatic tissue).

Usually caused by strep infection.

A

Tonsilitis

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16
Q
  • Rhinitis
  • Common cold (acute rhinitis)
  • Coryza
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Tonsilitis
A

Types of URS acute inflammation

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17
Q

Non-cancerous growths on mucus membranes of the nose or larynx.

A

Nasal and laryngeal polyps

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18
Q

Restrict (block) entrance of air and cause chronic irritation to the nose.

  • Caused by aerosol decongestants, toxic fumes, cocaine.
A

Nasal polyps

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19
Q

Interfere with speech caused by strain on the larynx.

  • may predispose laryngeal cancer.
A

Laryngeal polyps

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20
Q

Inflammation of the trachea.

  • acute or chronic
  • Caused by fumes, dust, allergens
  • May be associated with bronchitis or laryngitis
A

Tracheitis

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21
Q
  • Scar tissue and stenosis (narrowed and hardening) of the trachea
  • Severe breathing difficulty with a risk of pneumonia.
A

Major complications of tracheitis

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22
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi, very common.

  • Caused by irritants, smoking, fumes, dust, allergens, pollens, viral infections (flu)
  • Mucous is produced => congestion => breathing difficulty => risk of pneumonia.
A

Bronchitis

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23
Q

Leads to scar tissue on the walls of bronchi => less flexible => resulting in a stagnation of air.

A

Complication of bronchitis: chronic bronchitis

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24
Q

Abnormal destruction and dilation of large airways (bronchi)
- Could be congenital or acquired (result of another disorder) e.g., bronchitis, asthma.

  • Long term bronchial damage => damaged bronchial wall => inflexible, stretched bronchi => difficulty in exhaling
  • Potential risk of bleeding in bronchi, cough up blood, stagnant air, risk of infection and pneumonia.
  • Anoxia (anoxemia) => results in cyanosis
A

Bronchiectasis

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25
Q

Low oxygen levels in blood. Results in cyanosis.

A

Anoxia (anoxemia)

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26
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction causing constriction of bronchi.
- hereditary or acquired condition
- leads to:
Hyper secretion of mucus from cells lining the bronchi =>
Bronchi can be blocked, irritated => difficulty in breathing
Anoxia, cyanosis, pneumonia

A

Asthma = Bronchial Asthma

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27
Q

Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, with effects on heart, emphysema.

A

Long term effects of asthma

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28
Q

Infection in the lungs

A

Pneumonia

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29
Q

Inflammation of the lungs.

A

Pneumonitis

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30
Q

-Bacteria, most common, e.g. streptococcus pneumonia is the #1 cause.

  • Viruses (flu)
  • Fungi (pneumocystis carinii)
  • Fumes, irritants, cancer
A

Etiology of pneumonitis and pneumonia

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31
Q

Endogenous infection (coming from within the body); normal bacteria in the nasopharynx common in a person with compromised heath.

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

32
Q

Results in:
- Congestion of air spaces => difficulty breathing => impaired gas exchange => weakness

  • fever, chills, chest pain and cough.
A

Pneumonia

33
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

34
Q
  • Pleurisy (pleuritis)
  • Hydrothorax
  • Hemothroax
  • Empyema
  • Heart problems
A

Complications of pneumonia

35
Q

Infection spreads to the membrane around the lungs, e.g. bacterial infection.

A

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

36
Q

Mucus in the chest cavity around the lungs.

A

Hydrothroax

37
Q

Blood in the chest cavity around the lungs.

A

Hemothroax

38
Q

Pus in the chest cavity around the lungs; caused by ruptured lung or ulcerated tumor.

A

Empyema

39
Q
  • Lobar
  • Bronchial
  • Interstitial
  • Double
  • Viral
A

Types of pneumonia

40
Q

Infecting one or more lobes; usually caused by strep.

A

Lobar

41
Q

Due to mixed bacterial infections associated with complications of surgery, aspiration, anesthesia, chronic illness, or chronic pulmonary diseases.

A

Bronchial

42
Q

Inflammation of lung supportive tissue (interstitium) between the air sacs.

  • diffuse process that occurs all over the lungs and is not confined to one location.
  • Idiopathic
A

Interstitial

43
Q

Tissue that surrounds and separates tiny air sacs (alveolae) in lung.

A

Interstitium

44
Q

Both lungs are involved.

A

Double

45
Q

Caused by a variety of viruses.

A

Viral

46
Q

Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Spread by coughing, sneezing or inhaling infected dried sputum
  • Incubation period => symptoms 7-14 days
  • first asymptomatic
  • Later flu-like and pneumonia-like symptoms
    -productive cough, congestion, fever, dyspnea, night
    sweats.
    - Malaise
A

Tyberculosis

47
Q

Subjective felling of being sick, ill, or not healthy

A

Malaise

48
Q

Scar tissues (granulomas lesions) form on the lungs in 6-9 months called tubercles/granulomas = cancerous necrosis

  • Infection survives inside the scar tissue but usually causes no further harm.
A

Tuberculosis

49
Q

Dead bacteria, immune cells, lung tissue.

A

Tubercles/ granulomas

50
Q

Tuberculosis infection at multiple sites throughout the body.

  • Infection may break out of the scar tissue and spread.
  • TB infects the spleen, liver, kidneys, brain, usually fatal in 1 in 1000 cases.
A

Military tuberculosis

51
Q

General term used to denote any prolonged inhalation of mineral dust, e.g. coal tars, asbestos

  • Scar tissue => discoloration => interference with expansion of the lungs and breathing.
A

Pneumoconiosis (black lung)

52
Q

Collapse of alveoli or airless state of part or the entire lung.

  • due to fractured ribs or mucus plaque
  • causes inadequate breathing pattern, pain.
A

Atelectasis

53
Q

A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness; end stage of severe chronic lung disease.

  • Increased production of mucus causes trapping of air in alveoli leading to overinflation => destruction of alveoli => lungs cannot recoil => barrel chest appearance because of difficulty exhaling air from the lungs.
  • Predisposing factors:
  • cigarette smoking
  • recurrent inflammation of lungs.
A

Emphysema

54
Q
  • Respiratory failure
  • Anoxia, cyanosis
  • Hypertrophy of the heart, stroke
  • Hypertension
  • Scar tissue on the surface of the lungs and pleural membrane.
A

Consequences of emphysema

55
Q
  • Less inflammation

- More alveolar destrucion

A

Emphysema

56
Q
  • More inflammation

- Less alveolar destruction

A

Chronic bronchitis

57
Q

Localized accumulation of pus; may contain infectious material.

  • e.g. bacterial pneumonia or aspiration pneumonia (food or foreign material)
  • Can be a source of septicemia, difficult to treat
  • Abscess cavities
A

Pulmonary abscess

58
Q

Caused by inhaling airborne fungus

  • fungus forms tuberculosis-like granulomas
  • may spread throughout lungs and cause dyspnea and fever.
A

Fungal disease

59
Q

Leading cause of cancer deaths in the US.

  • Predisposing factors:
    • cigarette smoking
    • genetic
    • inhalation of carcinogenic or industrial air pollutants
  • Often asymptomatic until metastasis
    • dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis
  • Metastasizes to the brain, bone, liver
    • 10% survival rate for 5 years.
A

Lung cancer

60
Q

Coughing up of blood.

A

Hemoptysis

61
Q

Malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs

62
Q 
Starts in the bronchi and spreads through the lungs
#1 type of cancer in males
#2 type of cancer in females
#1 cause of death in both

Metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes, brain, GI, organs

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous)

63
Q

Found in the soft tissue of lungs

  • Results in cough and breathlessness
  • Primary or secondary
A

Respiratory sarcoma

64
Q
  • Cleft (split) lip
  • Cleft palate
  • Cystic fibrosis
A

Genetic and developmental conditons

65
Q

One or more abnormal splits in the upper lip.

  • related to hereditary factors
  • repaired surgically
A

Cleft (split) lip

66
Q

Involves palate or roof of mouth, more common in girls.

  • separate or in combination with cleft lip
  • related to hereditary factors
  • repaired surgically
A

Cleft palate

67
Q

Hereditary disorder (autosomal recessive) with defective transport of chloride

  • Lethal; affects exocrine glands causing secretion of thick mucous that obstruct body passageways (lungs and pancreas)
A

Cystic fibrosis

68
Q
  • Choking

- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Obstructive conditions

69
Q

Obstruction of airflow caused by foreign object, respiratory disease, or compression of the airways.

A

Choking (airway obstruction)

70
Q

Group of pulmonary disease characterized by inability to get air into/out of the lungs.

  • caused by smoking; e.g. chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • Results in high carbon dioxide level in blood
A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

71
Q
  • Cyanosis
  • Emaciation
  • Hydrothroax
  • Hemorrhage
  • Cavitation
A

Postmortem conditions

72
Q

Bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of oxygen.

A

Cyanosis

73
Q

Excessive wasting away of the body.

A

Emaciation

74
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity.

A

Hydrothorax

75
Q

Escape of blood from the vascular system.

A

Hemorrhage

76
Q

Formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis.

A

Cavitation

pathology (23 decks)

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