Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards by Maria Ella Recare

Too much blood; a lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area

hyperemia

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what is hyperemia?

Too much blood; a lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area

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Usually at the __________ of the circulation

arterial site

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physiologic in hyperemia

° Post-prandial gastric
° blushing
° Stimulation of erectile tissue

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Pathologic (abnormal) hyperemia factors to consider:

° duration (chronic)
° extent (general, location)
° mechanism (active, passive)

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patterns of hyperemia

Acute local active – inflammatory
Acute local passive – obstruction
Chronic local passive – obstruction
Chronic general passive – Cardio-pulmonary problem (e.g. CHF)

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a long term condition wherein heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your body enough blood supply; as a result, blood and fluids collect in the lungs and leak over time

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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Main causes of CHF

Coronary artery diseases

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Two types of CHF:

left sided and right sided

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left ventricle of the heart no longer pumps enough around the body, then blood builds up in the pulmonary veins or the blood vessels that carry the blood away from the lungs (which causes shortness in
breathing, coughing)

left sided

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right ventricle is too weak to pump blood towards the lungs (which causes swelling and shortness of breathing)

right sided

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RBCs are present outside the blood vessel; escape of blood from the vascular system

hemorrhage

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Two processes of hemorrhage:

a. Hemorrhage rhexis – injured or destructed vessel
b. Hemorrhage diapedesis – rbc escaped from intact vessels

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injured or destructed vessel

hemorrhage rhexis

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rbc escaped from intact vessels

hemorrhage diapedesis

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causes of hemorrhage

a. Trauma
b. Systemic damage
c. Hemorrhagic diathesis

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Effects of hemorrhage depend on;

a. location
b. volume of blood lost
c. rate of blood lost

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Resolution

Resolution and organization

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tiny pinpoint, measuring 1-2 mm size foci

Petechiae/Petechial hemorrhage

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larger areas of hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm size

Ecchymosis/Ecchymotic hemorrhage

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refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage (like a splashed red paint on the tissue)

paint -brush

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usually occur on serosal or mucosal surfaces (visible but cannot be palpated)

Petechia, Ecchymosis, Paint-brush

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extensive hemorrhage within the tissue

extravasation

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can be palpated; occurrence of sufficient red cells that come out in one area to form lump (sometimes fluid/blood) Example: Auricular hematoma in Shih tzu

hematocyst/hematoma

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clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the surface in mucousal/serosal disease; a descriptive term that does not imply specific disease

purpura

nasal bleeding

epistaxis

Massive hemorrhage in the body cavity depending on the areas affected

Hemoperitoneum Hemopericardium Hemothorax

hemorrhage in the joint cavity

hemarthrosis

coughing out of blood

hemoptysis

passage of blood from the alimentary tract (or digestive tract)

entorrhagia

passage of blood through the uterus

metrorrhagia

vomition of blood

hematemesis

externalization of red blood through the ear canal

otorhaggia

skin lesion as a result of hemorrhage

bruise

defecation of blood

hematochezia

partial reduction of blood supply/no oxygen

hypoxia

absence or complete reduction of blood supply

anoxia

localized anemia or reduction of blood flow

ischemia

causes of ischemia

1. Compression of blood vessels 2. Obstruction of blood vessels (Thrombosis, embolism) 3. Functional disturbance in tissue

Functional disturbance in tissue such as:

° stagnant anoxia ° anoxic anoxia ° anemic anoxia ° histotoxix anoxia

reduction in the flow of oxygenated blood

stagnant anoxia

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood

anoxic anoxia

low hemoglobin content or reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen

anemic anoxia

inability of cells to utilize oxygen

histotoxic anoxia

results to infarction if it lodges in organs with so called “end arteries”

ischemia

organs that are affected in ischemia

kidneys, spleen, brain

if ischemia is partial or gradual it would result to

atrophy

if complete ischemia it would result to

infarction

Refers to acute ischemic coagulation necrosis of an area or tissue

infarction

an area that is necrotized

infarct

Effects of ischemia depend on

1. Organ involved 2. Degree of occlusion 3. Collateral circulation 4. Size of blood vessel

Organs susceptible to infarction:

brain, kidney, spleen

Resistant to infarction:

skeletal system, tubular organs, dual blood supply (such as liver and lungs)

is the formation of ante-mortem clot; formation of ante-mortem intravascular blood clot

thrombosis

formed blood clot. A solid structure formed in the bloodstream from the normal constituents of the blood (such as coagulation factors, hormones)

thrombus

Causes of thrombosis:

1. Endothelial damage 2. Hypercoagulability 3. Flow of changes

Causes of Thrombosis (Virchow’s Triad of Thrombosis)

1. Changes in the rate of flow 2. Injury to the vessel 3. Changes in the blood

achieved if there is only minor vascular injury through resorption of the fibrin by fibrinolysis and neutrophil

Lysis and complete removal

formed from beta globulin called plasminogen

plasmin

a normal component of serum, and is activated during stress, infection or shock, as well as being released from injured tissue

plasminogen

fibrin thrombi present in capillaries

hyaline thrombi

Detached thrombi in the blood vessel wall

embolus

classification of thrombus based on location on blood vascular system

i. Cardiac ii. Arterial iii. Venous iv. Lymphatics v. Capillary

attached on endocardial wall

mural thrombi

attached to heart valves

valvular thrombi

blocks the entire circumference of the blood vessel

occluding thrombi

allows partial blood flow

canalised thrombi

straddle the bifurcation of blood vesse

saddle thrombi

one end attached to vessel wall and the other end moving freely

Obturating thrombi or trailing thromb

contain bacteria

septic thrombi

no pathogenic agent present

aseptic thrombi

contains parasites

parasitic thrombi

composed of all blood cell components

red thrombi

composed entirely of platelets

pale or white thrombi

composed of red and white thrombi

laminated or mixed thrombi

TRUE OR FALSE Thrombi may cause injuries or embolism when detached from the vessel wall

true

refers to a process where a solid mass (emboli) is transported from one part of the body to another through the circulatory system

embolism

Apart from fragments of thrombi, emboli may be;

parasites, bacteria, fungi, foreign bodies and gas bubbles.

a process where floating bodies (embolus/emboli) are transported in the bloodstream

embolism

formation of blood clot in the free-flowing blood

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy

Effects of DIC include;

hemorrhagic diatheses or uncontrolled bleeding tendencies

Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards

(81 cards)