Diversity of the Microbial World (Part 2) Flashcards by Secret acc

______
• protists that are like protozoa in one stage of their life cycle, but are like fungi in another

SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

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SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

______: they hunt for and engulf food particles, consuming decaying vegetation and other microbes

PROTOZOAN PHASE

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______
• move about as amoebae engulfing bacteria (unlike ______, who digest food externally)

SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA), fungi

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______
• when conditions become unfavorable (lack of food or lack of moisture), they form spores

SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

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______
• they can be found in damp substrates with ample bacteria and are most frequently found on decaying logs and forest duff.

SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

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SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

SLIME MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING:
• they lack ______, resembling ______

cell walls, amoebae

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SLIME MOLDS (EUMYCETOZOA)

SLIME MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING:
• they are ______ rather than absorptive in their nutrition

phagocytic

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS:

PLASMODIAL MOLDS (ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS), CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• life cycle includes a ______: the organisms exist as streaming masses of colorful protoplasm that creep along in amoeboid fashion over moist, rotting logs, leaves, and other organic matter, which they degrade

PLASMODIAL MOLDS (ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS), distinctive stage

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• name is derived from the lack of individual cell membranes from
which a large, multinucleate mass called a ______ is formed

PLASMODIAL MOLDS (ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS), plasmodium

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• feeding is by endocytosis

PLASMODIAL MOLDS (ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS)

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• it starved or dried, the plasmodium develops ornate fruiting bodies

PLASMODIAL MOLDS (ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS)

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• exist as individual amoeboid cells that periodically aggregate

CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS

______
• the individual amoebae, upon starvation or some other signal, aggregate to form a multicellular fruiting body, or ______, containing walled, dormant spores

CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS, sorocarp

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TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS
CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

______
- an important study organism for understanding cell differentiation, because it has both single-celled and multicelled life stages, with the cells showing some degree of differentiation in the multicelled form

Dictyostelium discoideum

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______
• found in the surface water of freshwater sources and moist soil

WATER MOLDS

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______
• most species are ______ (they live on dead or decaying organic matter), although some cause diseases in certain fishes, plants, algae, protozoans, and marine invertebrates

WATER MOLDS, SAPROTROPHIC

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______
• they decompose dead animals and return nutrients to the environment

WATER MOLDS

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______
• once classified as fungi because they resemble filamentous fungi in having finely branched filaments

WATER MOLDS

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WATER MOLDS

______
- the water mold ______ was accidentally introduced into Ireland and devastated the potato crop, causing the great famine that killed over 1 million people and forced a greater number to emigrate the United States and Canada

THE GREAT POTATO FAMINE OF 1846-1847, Phytophthora infestans

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WATER MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

• They have ______ in their mitochondria

tubular cristae

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WATER MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

• They have cell walls of ______ instead of chitin

cellulose

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WATER MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

• Their spores have two ______ - ______ and “______”

flagella, whiplike, hairy

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WATER MOLDS DIFFER FROM FUNGI IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

• They have true ______ bodies rather than ______ bodies

diploid, haploid

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REPRODUCTION OF WATER MOLDS reproduction is by:

MOTILE ASEXUAL SPORES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION OF WATER MOLDS reproduction is by MOTILE ASEXUAL SPORES two types:

PEAR-SHAPED KIDNEY-SHAPED

REPRODUCTION OF WATER MOLDS reproduction is by MOTILE ASEXUAL SPORES ______ - with two apical flagella (whiplike structures)

PEAR-SHAPED

REPRODUCTION OF WATER MOLDS reproduction is by MOTILE ASEXUAL SPORES ______ - with two flagella on the concave side

KIDNEY-SHAPED

REPRODUCTION OF WATER MOLDS ______ • fusion of gametes (sex cells) from differentiated sex organs that take place in an oogonium

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

______ • simple, eukaryotic, phototrophic and autotrophic organisms

ALGAE

______ • carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll (like plants)

ALGAE

______ • produce about 75% of the planet's oxygen

ALGAE

______ • foundation of aquatic food chains.

ALGAE

______ differ from plants such as seagrass in having sexual reproductive structures in which every cell becomes a gamete.

Algae

Distribution of Algae • found in fresh-water ponds, streams, lakes, brackish waters and oceans making up the ______

plankton

Distribution of Algae • most are ______

aquatic

Distribution of Algae • some grow in diverse habitats (______, ______ and other ______)

soil, ice, plants

Morphology of Algae:

Microscopically Macroscopically

Morphology of Algae ______ - unicellular or multicellular, colonial, with branched or unbranched filaments and vary in size.

Microscopically

Morphology of Algae ______ - planktonic, filamentous or found attached to objects (______)

Macroscopically, epiphytic

Reproduction of Algae ______ algae • Asexual Reproduction involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis

Unicellular

Reproduction of Algae Unicellular algae • Asexual Reproduction involves ______ followed by ______

mitosis, cytokinesis

Reproduction of Algae ______ algae • Sexual Reproduction each cell acts as a gamete and fuses with another to form a zygote, which then undergoes meiosis to return to the haploid state.

Unicellular

Reproduction of Algae Unicellular algae • Sexual Reproduction each cell acts as a ______ and fuses with another to form a ______, which then undergoes meiosis to return to the ______ state.

gamete, zygote, haploid

Reproduction of Algae ______ algae • Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation

Multicellular

Reproduction of Algae Multicellular algae • Asexual Reproduction ______ - each piece of a parent alga develops into a new individual, or by motile or nonmotile asexual spores.

Fragmentation

Reproduction of Algae ______ algae • Sexual Reproduction with alternation of generations of haploid and diploid individuals.

Multicellular

Reproduction of Algae Multicellular algae • Sexual Reproduction with alternation of generations of ______ and ______ individuals.

haploid, diploid

Reproduction of Algae Both ______ and ______ algae may reproduce asexually as well.

haploid, diploid

Classifications of Algae Algae are classified into several groups that are named for the ______ of their ______.

colors, photosynthetic pigments

Classifications of Algae:

Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Kingdom Rhoophyta (Red Algae) Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms)

Classifications of Algae ______ • share numerous characteristics with plants (with chlorophylls and use sugar and starch as food reserves) but unlike plants they are primarily ______

Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae), aquatic

Classifications of Algae ______ • most diverse group of algae, with more than ______ species

Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae), 7000

Classifications of Algae ______ • many have cell walls composed of cellulose, while others have walls of glycoprotein or lack walls

Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • mostly found in the freshwater lakes

Kingdom Rhoophyta (Red Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • oldest type of eukaryotic algae

Kingdom Rhoophyta (Red Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • characterized by the red ______

Kingdom Rhoophyta (Red Algae), phycoerythrin

Classifications of Algae ______ • contain chlorophyll and can prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis.

Kingdom Rhoophyta (Red Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • characterized by being multicellular

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • with brown or greenish-brown color

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • have chlorophylls and carotene, and brown pigments (______)

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae), xanthophylls

Classifications of Algae ______ • most are marine organisms

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

Classifications of Algae ______ • use the polysaccharide ______ and oils as food reserves and have cell walls composed of ______ and ______.

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae), laminarin, cellulose, alginic acid (alginate)

Classifications of Algae ______ • microscopic chromists in freshwater

Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms)

Classifications of Algae ______ • diverse with respect to cell wall composition and pigments

Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms)

Classifications of Algae ______ • unified in using the polysaccharide ______ as storage product

Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms), chrysolaminarin

Classifications of Algae ______ • most are unicellular or colonial

Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms)

Classifications of Algae Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms) • all chrysophytes contain more ______-colored ______ pigment

orange, carotene

Classifications of Algae Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms) • ______ are a major component of marine phytoplankton

Diatoms

Classifications of Algae ______ • unique in having silica cell walls composed of two halves called ______ that fit together like a Petri dish

Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms), frustules

Protozoa • diverse group defined by four characteristics:

• Eukaryotic • Unicellular • Lack a cell wall • Heterotrophic

______ • either free-living or parasites

Protozoa

______ • motile by means of cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopodia

Protozoa

______ - the scientific study of protozoa

Protenology

______ - scientists who study these microbes (protozoa)

Protozoologists

Distribution of Protozoa • moist environments (______, ______, ______, ______)

ponds, streams, lakes, oceans

Distribution of Protozoa • moist soil (______ and decaying ______)

beach sand, organic matter

Distribution of Protozoa • ______ protozoa live in other plants and animals including humans, where they cause disease.

parasitic

Morphology of Protozoa Cell Shape • ______, ______, or ______ in shape

spherical, cylindrical, amoeboid

Morphology of Protozoa Cell Shape • can also have complex ______ with numerous ______ and ______.

shapes, extensions, branches

Morphology of Protozoa Cell Surface • covered by a ______, which is often reinforced by a layer of ______ or ______.

plasma membrane, microtubules, microfilaments

Morphology of Protozoa ______ • typically large and contains multiple chromosomes.

Nucleus

Morphology of Protozoa ______ • used for locomotion or capturing food.

Flagella and Cilia

Morphology of Protozoa ______ • helps them to maintain osmotic balance.

Vacuoles

Reproduction of Protozoa Asexual Reproduction:

• binary fission • schizogony

Reproduction of Protozoa • A few protozoa also have ______ in which two individuals exchange genetic material.

sexual reproduction

Reproduction of Protozoa • Some sexually reproducing protozoa become ______ (______) that fuse with one another to form a diploid ______.

gametocytes, gametes, zygote

Reproduction of Protozoa • Some reproduce sexually via a complex process called ______.

conjugation

Classification of Protozoa:

Parabasalia Diplomonadida Euglenozoa Alveolates Rhizaria Amoebozoa

Classification of Protozoa ______ • single-celled eukaryotes (protists) that are mainly endosymbionts of termites and wood roaches, intestinal commensals, human or veterinary parasites, and free-living species.

Parabasalia

Classification of Protozoa ______ • lack mitochondria, but each has a single nucleus and a parallel body, which is a Golgi body-like structure.

Parabasalia

Classification of Protozoa ______ • Inhabit the digestive systems of various animals, Including termites, rats, and humans

Diplomonadida

Classification of Protozoa ______ • usually around 10 um in length and often less

Diplomonadida

Classification of Protozoa ______ • each cell has two identical-sized nuclei each associated with four flagella, located alongside each other in the anterior half of the cell.

Diplomonadida

Classification of Protozoa ______ • monophyletic group of flagellated protists including free-living, symbiotic, and parasitic species

Euglenozoa

Classification of Protozoa ______ • have extremely diverse lifestyles and a range of features that distinguish them from other eukaryotes

Euglenozoa

Classification of Protozoa ______ • widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments

Euglenozoa

Classification of Protozoa ______ • protozoa with small membrane-bound cavities called ______ beneath their cell surfaces.

Alveolates, alveoli

Classification of Protozoa ______ • share at least one other characteristic - ______

Alveolates, tubular mitochondrial cristae

Classification of Protozoa ______ • a very recently recognized group

Alveolates

Classification of Protozoa ______ • group of amoebae with threadlike pseudopods

Rhizaria

Classification of Protozoa ______ • diverse collection primarily of free-living protozoan organisms

Rhizaria

Classification of Protozoa ______ • characterized by the presence of pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding

Amoebozoa

Classification of Protozoa ______ • includes the normally free-living amoebae ______ and ______

Amoebozoa, Naegleria, Acanthamocha

Classification of Protozoa Amoebozoa Other amoebozoa always live inside ______, where they produce potentially fatal ______.

animals, amebic dysentery

A ______ is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

virus

the Latin name "virus" meaning "______"

poison

Characteristics VIRUSES: • contains ______ or ______

DNA, RNA

Characteristics VIRUSES: • Larger than ______

viroids

Characteristics VIRUSES: • Requires ______ to replicate

host cell

Characteristics VIRUSES: • ______ surrounds genetic material

Capsid

Characteristics VIRUSES: • ______ to certain host

Specific

Characteristics VIRUSES: • Can be transmitted via ______, ______, or ______

direct contact, droplets, vectors

Viral Structure Characteristics: • ______ structures

Non living

Viral Structure Characteristics: • Non______

cellular

Viral Structure Characteristics: • Contain a protein coat called the ______

capsid

Viral Structure Characteristics: ______ (______) -made of individual protein subunits called capsomeres

Capsids, coats

Viral Structure Characteristics: • Have a nucleic acid core containing ______ or ______ Capable of reproducing only when inside a ______ cell

DNA, RNA, HOST

Viral Structure Characteristics: Some viruses are enclosed in a ______

protective envelope

Viral Structure Characteristics: Some viruses may have ______ to help attach to the host cell Most viruses infect only ______ host cells

spikes, SPECIFIC

Size of Virus • Viruses are ______ than the smallest cell

smaller

Size of Virus • Measured in ______

nanometers

Size of Virus • Viruses couldn't be seen until the ______ was invented in the ______ century

electron microscope, 20th

Viral Shapes Viruses come in a variety of shapes:

helical polyhedral complex

Viral Shapes Some may be helical shape like the ______

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Viral Shapes Some may be polyhedral shapes like the ______

adenovirus

Viral Shapes Others have more complex shapes like ______

bacteriophages

VIRUS Bacteriophages ______ • Viruses that attack bacteria

Phages

VIRUS Bacteriophages Phages • ______ are a specific class of bacteriophages with ______, ______, and ______

T-phages, icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, tails

VIRUS Bacteriophages T - Phages • the most commonly studied T-phages are ______ and ______

T4, T7

VIRUS Bacteriophages ______ • They infect E coli, an intestinal bacteria

T - Phages

VIRUS Bacteriophages ______ • Inject viral DNA into cell

T - Phages

VIRUS Bacteriophages Replication Bacteriophage inject their ______ and break open the ______ when replication is finished

nucleic acid, bacterial cell

VIRUS ______ • Contain RNA, not DNA

Retroviruses

VIRUS Retroviruses • Family ______

Retroviridae

VIRUS ______ • Contain enzyme called ______

Retroviruses, Reverse Transcriptase

VIRUS Retroviruses • Examples:

HIV, the AIDS virus and Feline Leukemia Virus

VIRUS Retroviruses When a retrovirus infects a cell, it injects its ______ and ______ enzyme into the ______ of that cell

RNA, reverse transcriptase, cytoplasm

______ • Small, circular RNA molecules without a protein coat

Viroids

______ • Infect plants

Viroids

______ • Mostly transmitted via plan to plant

Viroids

Viroids • Replicates within ______

host cells

______ • "infectious proteins"

Prions

______ • 3D projections of beta-sheets

Prions

______ • they have no DNA or RNA

Prions

Prions The main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called "______" or the ______.

PrP, Prion protein

Prions Diseases • Prions form ______ deposits in the ______

insoluble, brain

Prions Diseases • Causes ______ to rapidly degenerate.

neurons

Prions Diseases • ______ (bovine spongiform encephalitis. BSE) I

Mad cow disease

Prions Diseases • Responsible for ______, a disease in ______, acquired from eating the brains of their enemies

kuru, Papua New Guinea

Viral Attack • Viruses are very specific as to which species they attack: ______

HOST specific

Viral Attack • ______ rarely share viral diseases with other animals

Humans

5 Steps of LytiC CyCle: 1. ______ to the cell 2. ______ (injection) of viral DNA or RNA 3. ______ (Biosynthesis) of new viral proteins and nucleic acids 4. ______ (Maturation) of the new viruses 5. ______ of the new viruses into the environment (cell lyses)

Attachment, Penetration, Replication, Assembly, Release

______ • viruses have the ability to become dormant inside the cell (______ viruses)

Viral Latency, Latent

______ • may remain inactive for long periods of time (years) and later activate to produce new viruses in response to some external signal Ex: ______ and ______ viruses

Viral Latency, HIV, Herpes

Latency in Eukaryotes • ______ (caused by the virus ______) is a childhood infection - can reappear later in life as ______, a painful itching rash limited to small areas of the body

Chickenpox, Varicella zoster, shingles

Latency in Eukaryotes • ______ also become latent in the nervous system

Herpes viruses

Latency in Eukaryotes Genital herpes (______)

Herpes Simplex 2

Latency in Eukaryotes Cold sores or fever blisters (______)

Herpes Simplex 1

Diversity of the Microbial World (Part 2) Flashcards

(159 cards)