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Flashcards in DNA & Genetics Deck (84)
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0
Q

What are complementary base pairs?

A

A pair of base that can join to make the rungs of the DNA ladder-adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine.

1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure in the nucleus. Composed of DNA and proteins; contains the genetic information in the form of genes.

2
Q

What is DNA?

A

A nucleic acid with deoxyribose sugar and phosphate as the backbone; the molecule that determines the genetic characteristics of most living things.

3
Q

What is deoxyribose sugar?

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide.

4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic.

5
Q

What is a nitrogen-rich base?

A

Part of a nucleotide; the four types are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

6
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The building blocks of DNA

7
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide.

8
Q

What are autosomes?

A

All the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes.

9
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point on a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined together.

10
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of the strands of a chromosome following replication.

11
Q

What does the term “diploid number” mean?

A

The number of chromosomes in body cells; two sets or 2N.

12
Q

What does the term “haploid number” mean?

A

The number of chromosomes in gametes; one set or N.

13
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with genes for particular characteristics at the same location.

14
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

15
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The type of cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

16
Q

What is replication?

A

The process of making copies of DNA.

17
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; in humans they are the X and Y chromosomes.

18
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

19
Q

What does the term “dominant” mean?

A

The characteristic that is expressed in the homozygous condition.

20
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic information carried by an individual.

21
Q

What does the term “heterozygous” mean?

A

Having two different alleles on homologous chromosomes.

22
Q

What does the term “homozygous” mean?

A

Having two identical alleles on homologous chromosomes.

23
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Where the appearance of a heterozygous individual results from a ‘blending’ of the two alleles because one allele is not completely dominant of the other.

24
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the base sequence.

25
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics of the individual: the way the genotype is expressed.

26
Q

What is pure breeding?

A

Where all individuals have the same generic information for a characteristic generation after generation.

27
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

The characteristic that remains hidden in the homozygous condition.

28
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Genes that are present on the sex chromosomes.

29
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Cells that can make certain types of body cells.

30
Q

What does differentiate mean?

A

To become different from others.

31
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells found in the embryo that are capable of becoming any cell type found in the body of a complex organism.

32
Q

What is gene splicing?

A

The process used to add a gene into or remove genes from DNA.

33
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

The process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene.

34
Q

What does genetically modified mean?

A

Having the genes changed.

35
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genetic information carried by a haploid set of chromosomes.

36
Q

What is the Human Genome Project?

A

An international project that aims to identify all the human genes and determine the sequence of the base pairs that make up human chromosomes.

37
Q

What are induced pluripotent skin cells (iPSCs)?

A

Mature cells that have been induced to revert to their pluripotent (capable of become any type of human cell) state.

38
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A ring of DNA found in bacteria.

39
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

Capable of becoming any one of the 220 different cell types found in the human body.

40
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Technology that allows DNA to be recombined with other genes.

41
Q

What are single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)?

A

Differences of only one base between one human and another.

42
Q

What does the term DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

43
Q

What is the name of the base represented by the letter a?

A

Adenine

44
Q

What is the name of the base represented by the letter t?

A

Thymine

45
Q

What is the name of the base represented by the letter c?

A

Cytosine

46
Q

What is the name of the base represented by the letter g?

A

Guanine

47
Q

What base does adenine pair with?

A

Thymine

48
Q

What base does thymine pair with?

A

Adenine

49
Q

What base does guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine

50
Q

What base does cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

51
Q

What make up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate groups
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen-rich bases

52
Q

What are the bases attached to in a DNA structure?

A

Deoxyribose sugar

53
Q

What type of cell division is responsible for growth and repair in the body?

A

Mitosis

54
Q

How many chromosomes are in human autosomal cells?

A

46

55
Q

How many chromosomes are there in human sex cells?

A

23

56
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

An Austrian monk who carried out experiments on pea plants.

57
Q

What symbol can be used to represent a heterozygous pair of alleles?

A

Rr

Any letters can be used

58
Q

What symbol can be used to represent a dominant homologous set of alleles?

A

RR

Any letter can be used

59
Q

What symbol is used to represent a recessive homologous set of alleles?

A

rr

Any letter can be used

60
Q

If you were to breed a white-flowered pea plant (rr) with a red-flowered pea plant what genotype could the offspring have?

A

Rr

61
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a ovum?

A

23

62
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a muscle cell?

A

46

63
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a skin cell?

A

46

64
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a sperm cell?

A

23

65
Q

How many years did it take to complete the Human Genome Project?

A

13 years

66
Q

What is the name for the process of adding genes into or removing genes from DNA?

A

Gene splicing

67
Q

What is the process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene called?

A

Gene therapy

68
Q

Who are the two scientists who were given credit for discovering the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

69
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains

70
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that can combine with other molecules to form a polymer

71
Q

Which of the bases are purines?

A

The two-carbon nitrogen ring bases (adenine and guanine)

72
Q

Which of the bases are pyrimidines?

A

The one-carbon nitrogen ring bases (thymine and cytosine)

73
Q

Where do you find DNA?

A

In the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells

74
Q

What do we call a section of DNA?

A

Gene

75
Q
If parents with the genotypes Gg and Gg were crossed, the phenotypic ratio of the offspring would be:
A. 3:1
B. 1:2:1
C. 2:1:1
D. 1:1:2
A

A. 3:1

76
Q

Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. A father and a son are no the haemophiliacs, but the mother is normal, what is her genotype?

A

XHXh

77
Q
An example of an allele is:
A. AB and Tt
B. TT and Tt
C. T and t
D. X and Y
A

C. T and t

78
Q
An example of a genotype is:
A. A tall pea plant
B. R and r
C. Tt
D. Haemophiliac
A

C. Tt

79
Q
Which of the following give information about the phenotype but not the genotype?
A. XHY
B. Haemophiliac man
C. Tall pea plant
D. Female carrier for colour blindness
A

C. Tall pea plant

80
Q
Long radishes crossed with round radishes result in all oval radishes. This type of inheritance is:
A. Multiple alleles
B. Complete dominance
C. Co-dominance
D. Incomplete dominance
A

D. Incomplete dominance

81
Q

If two white sheep produce a black offspring, the parent’s genotypes for colour must be:

A

Heterozygous (Ww)

82
Q

Carriers of the colour-blindness trait include:
A. Men who are heterozygous for the trait
B. Men who are homozygous for the trait
C. Women who are heterozygous for the trait
D. Women who are homozygous for the trait

A

C. Women who are heterozygous for the trait

83
Q

Gene therapy involves:
A. Determine if an embryo is carrying a disease allele
B. Introducing a functional copy of a gene to treat disease
C. Destruction of blastocysts for research
D. Determining the sequence of all human DNA

A

B. Introducing a functional copy of a dene to treat disease