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DNA AND RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for.

A

Detoxribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus of a cell

Can also be found in the mitochondria and chloroplast

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3
Q

How does the DNA for in the nucleus

A

It can coil and fold

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4
Q

How many strands does DNA have

A

2

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5
Q

What are the four bases used in DNA

A

A - adenine
t - thymine
G- guanine
C- cytosine

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6
Q

What two pairs of bases join together

A

A+T

G+C

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7
Q

What shape does DNA have

A

Double helix

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8
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that causes the production of a protein

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9
Q

How many amino acids are used in the production of a protein

A

20

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10
Q

What does a gene carry

A

Different codes to control the formation of different amino acids

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11
Q

What do genetic codes have

A

For each amino acid they have a sequence of three bases

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12
Q

What are a sequence of three bases known as

A

A triplet / Codon

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13
Q

What is the sequence for
valine
Alanine

A

CAA

CGA

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14
Q

What are non coding DNA

A

They do not have a code for the formation of a protein- also known as DNA junk

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15
Q

What happens during DNA replication

A

When mitosis occurs one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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16
Q

Why does the replication occurs

A

So there is an exact copy of the DNA for mitosis to occur

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17
Q

Where does the mitosis take place

A

Interphase

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18
Q

How does DNA replication occur

A

The double helix unwinds
Enzymes break the bond between the base pairs
Other DNA bases now enter the nucleus and join with the exposed DNA strand
Each new strand is identical to the original strand.

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19
Q

What is DNA profiling

A

It is a method of making unique pattern of bands from DNA of a person which is then used to tell the difference of that DNA from the other DNA

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20
Q

What is the method of DNA profiling

A

DNA is released
San is cut into fragments
Fragments are separated
Patterson are compared

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21
Q

How is the DNA released

A

By the breaking down of the cell

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22
Q

How is the DNA cut into fragments

A

Using enzymes

They will be different lengths because if the different distances between the base sequences

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23
Q

How are the fragments separated

A

Based on their size
By a process called gel electrophoresis
An electric current is passed through the gel which allows bands of small DNA fragments to be separated from larger DNA fragments

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24
Q

When might DNA profiling be used

A

To determine suspects of a crime

To determine if someone is the parent of a child

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25
What is genetic screening
Testing DNA for the presence or absence of a certain gene or an altered gene
26
How can genes be altered
By mutations Or genetic disorders : cystic fibrosis. Albinism
27
What are altered genes
They do not have the correct code for the production of a protein
28
When is genetic screening used
On people who have genetic disorders, tells them the chances that their children will get these Foetal screening, cells can be removed from get placenta of a foetus
29
What ethical issue does genetic screening bring
Mothers determine if their unborn child has a genetic disorder
30
What is a nucleotide
DNA made up of units called nucleotides
31
What is a long chain of nucleotides called
Polynucleotide
32
What is a nucleotide made up of
Phosphate ---- sugar ---- nitrogen base
33
What are the symbols of the structure of a polynucleotide I
Sugar is a deoxyribose : D Phosphate : P Nitrogen base : A or G or T or C
34
What holds bases together
Hydrogen bond
35
What for, two weak hydrogen bonds
Adenine and thymine
36
What forms three hydrogen bonds
Guanine and cytosine
37
What are the four nitrogen bases know as
``` Two = purines Two = pyrimidine ```
38
What are the two purine bases
Double ringed molecules - A and G
39
What are the pyrimidine bases
Single ringed molecules T and C
40
What scientists discovered the shape and structure of DNA
France's crick and James Watson
41
What is protein synthesis
The making of a protein
42
What is the method of protein synthesis
Enzymes start to unwind the DNA Complimentary RNA bases join to the exposed DMA strand (transcription) The enzyme RNA polymerase joins the RNA bases together to form mRNA MRNA moves from the NUCELUS to the cytoplasm rRNA are found in the ribosomes mRNA the moves into the ribosome and then forms a weak bond with the rRNA tRNA is found in the cytoplasm tRNA contains an anticodon attached to an amino acid tRNA is attracted to the mRNA in the ribosome The anticodon on the tRNA compliments the codon on the mRNA As the tRNA attach to the mRNA in the ribosome it also bring with it an amino acid As the tRNA c
43
What is the making of mRNA from DNA
Transcription
44
What is the making of a protein depending on the RNA code
Translation
45
What are the major steps involved in protein synthesis
Transcription and | Translation
46
What are the three types of RNA involved in the production of a protein
Messenger RNA TRANSFER RNA ribosomal DNA ALL PRODUCED IN THE NUCELUS
47
What does each strand of messenger RNA have
A start codon A series of codon Stop codon
48
What is the definition of heredity
The passing on of features from the parents of offspring by the means of genes
49
What is a gene expression
Is the way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein
50
What are characteristics
Traits that are inherited genetically
51
What is an anticodon
Is a sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA.
52
What is the function of mRNA
Complementary strand to DNA Carries instruction of the production of a protein from DNA to a ribosome
53
What function has tRNA
Has a complementary anticodon to mRNA codon Carries an amino acid to the ribosome
54
What function has rRNA
Forms part of the structure of the ribosome Forms a weak bind with mRNA in the ribosome
55
What are chromosome composed of
60% protein 40% DNA
56
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA - double strand - Sugar is deoxyribose - Much longer - Has thymine - Self replication - Only in the nucleus RNA - Single strand - Sugar is ribose - Has uracil - Shore molecule - Not self replicating - Found in nucleus and cytoplasm.
57
What is heredity
Posting on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes
58
What can plants inherit
Number of petals | Colour
59
What is a gene
Section of DNA that causes the production of a protein
60
What is gene expression
The way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell to make a protein
61
What does the expression of a gene do
Produces the characteristics of traits that are inherited
62
What effects genese
If the nutrients aren’t supplied for it eg sunlight
63
What are characteristics
Traits or features that are inherited genetically
64
What are chromosomes made of
60 protein | 49 DNA
65
What is the protein responsible for in a chromosome
Holding the DNA
66
What % of chromosomes are non coding DNA
97
67
What’s the genetic code
Sequence of bases in DNA that provide the instruction for a cell (using RNA) to form a protein
68
When is a code sent to
Cytoplasm
69
What is a gene
a section of DNA that instructs a cell to form a particular protein
70
What is a triplet or codon
Sequence of three bases in DNA that act as a code for an amino acid
71
During DNA replication where do the DNA base pairs come from
Normally present in be cytoplasm enter the nucleus
72
Method of preparing a DNA profile
1, DNA is released from the cells 2. DNA is cut into fragments of different lengths 3. They are separated according to size 4. Pattern is analysed
73
What is a DNA profile
Method of making a unique pattern of bands from DNA of. A person which can then be used to compare with a DNA profile of another person.
74
How is the isolation DNA cut into fragments
Using restriction enzymes
75
How are the fragments separated
Using gel electrophoresis
76
What is forensic medicine
The way in which medical knowledge is used in legal situations
77
How does DNA screening work
Addicting a radioactive section of DNA to a sample of DNA from the person being tested the DNA will only attach to a normal gene
78
What is foetal screening
Cells can be removed from the embryo placenta it fluid around the foetus and tested to detect is the embryo has any genetic disorders
79
How does DNA and RNA differ
RNA is based on the sugar ribose RNA consists of 4 bases - A U G C RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED RNA can move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
80
What happens in protein synthesis
The sequence of bases on a DNA strand carries instructions to form a particular protein The DNA separates (nucleus) RNA bases attach to the exposed bases on the side of the DNA (TRANSCRIBED) mRNA strand detaches from the DNA and moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and through a ribosome where is it TRANSLATED into the correct sequence of amino acids The protein becomes folded as it emerges from the ribosome
81
What are the classifications of the bases in DNA
Purines | Pyrimidines
82
What are purines
Double ring molecules (A AND G)
83
What are pyrimidines
Single ring T AND C
84
What hold base pairs
Hydrogen bonds
85
Where does the DNA double helix unwind
The site of the gene that is going to produce a protein
86
What causes the sequence of RNA bases to join together to form messenger RNA
DNA polymerase
87
What is an anticondon
Sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA

Biology (22 decks)

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