Don't look at this deck (Just Kidding look at this deck)- Final Review

Question 1

What is the difference between preservatives and germicides?

Answer 1

Preservatives Kill Spores, Germicides do not.

Question 2

Often used in combination with aldehydes as preservatives. These alcohols have the ability to cross-link proteins, but to a lesser extent than aldehydes.

Answer 2

Lesser Alcohols- Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropyl Alcohol

Question 3

This is used more often than ethanol because of its dual ability to:

1. Act as a methylene group donor for the cross-linking
2. Function as an anti-polymerizing agent preventing formaldehyde to precipitate and forming para-formaldehyde.

Answer 3

Methanol

Question 4

A colorless, poisonous liquid which is a good solvent, especially for HCHO, and it has some antiseptic and preservative qualities.

Answer 4

Methanol

Question 5

A clear and colorless liquid which can be used as a dehydrating agent as well as a vehicle coagulating and preserving tissues.

Answer 5

Ethanol

Question 6

Mixture of alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chlorides. It and several very similar mixtures are used in the embalming laboratory, in solutions for sterilization of instruments (cold sterilization)- ky (Surfactants).

Answer 6

Benzalknoium Chloride

Question 7

A very mild antiseptic added to embalming fluid. It helps regulate the acid-base balance (a buffer pair).

Answer 7

Boric Acid

Question 8

A red dye from the action of bromine on fluorescein. It is very commonly used in arterial fluids. (active dye)- synthetic.

Answer 8

Eosin

Question 9

A solvent and disinfectant in embalming fluid. It is noted for its ability to dehydrate tissues.

Answer 9

Ethanol

Question 10

A preservative found in embalming fluid. It is also a disinfectant. It reacts with proteins, causing them to become firm and more resistant to bacteria. Inhibits autolytic enzymes. It is a gas at room temperature.

Answer 10

Formaldehyde

Question 11

40% HCHO solution by volume and 37% HCHO by weight.

Answer 11

Formalin

Question 12

A preservative found in embalming fluid. Unlike formaldehyde, this contains two aldehyde groups on every molecule. For this reason, it is called a dialdehyde. Combines with proteins in such a way as to make them very resistant to attack by bacteria. It also inhibits the enzymes which cause autolysis (acid hydrolose). It is used in several arterial and cavity fluids. Unlike formaldehyde, this is liquid at room temperature. (It was one of the three disinfectants on Apollo XI when it returned from the moon).

Answer 12

Glutaraldehyde

Question 13

A modifying agent. A thick liquid often added to embalming fluids. Its purpose is to increase the solubility of various compounds, to delay the firming action of formaldehyde, and to serve as a humectant.

Answer 13

Glycerol (Glycerin)

Question 14

An inorganic salt added to embalming fluid to help preserve the acid-base balance, to keep the blood from clotting and in some instances, for hypertonic effect. (Never put directly in the machine, pre-dissolve first). Used as an anti-coagulant.

Answer 14

Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salts)

Question 15

All embalming fluids will contain this since it is so closely associated with the manufacture of formalin. Some fluids contain extra amounts of this because it stabilizes formalin and because it is both a solvent and a germicide. It is used to prevent formalin from forming paraformaldehyde.

Answer 15

Methanol (Methyl Alcohol, Wood Alcohol)

Question 16

A polymer of formaldehyde and exists as a solid. It is almost pure formaldehyde. It is insoluble, so it cannot be used in the embalming fluids. It is most commonly used in the powdered preservative compositions such as hardening compounds and embalming powders.

Answer 16

Paraformaldehyde

Question 17

An aromatic alcohol and is is excellent disinfectant. It penetrates tissues very well and bleaches tissue where required such as surface discolorations.

Answer 17

Phenol

Question 18

A calcium sulfate often found in hardening compounds as a filler that promotes hardening and absorbs moisture.

Answer 18

Plaster of Paris

Question 19

The nitrate ions are converted by bacteria to nitrite ions which react with hemoglobin to form nitroso-hemoglobin giving the skin a reddish color.

Answer 19

Potassium Nitrate (Sodium Nitrate)

Question 20

Used to maintain the acid-base balance. Carbonates reduce graying action of formaldehyde action. (buffer pair).

Answer 20

Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride

Question 21

Often used as a water conditioner and for its anti-coagulant action in arterial fluids.

Answer 21

Sodium Citrate

Question 22

An example of a surfactant added to embalming fluids to increase penetrability.

Answer 22

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Question 23

An inorganic salt used to maintain the acid-base balance.

Answer 23

Sodium Phosphate

Question 24

An alkaline compound often found in arterial fluids to minimize the graying action of formaldehyde yet will not deactivate it. It also inhibits blood clotting.

Answer 24

Sodium Tetraborate (Borax)

Question 25

A polyhydric alcohol that is used as a modifying agent as well as for its humectant qualities.

Answer 25

Sorbitol

Question 26

1. Color
2. Odor
3. Viscosity (heavy vs light)
4. Clearness
5. Cloudiness
6. Density
7. Hardening power of the solution on tissues, that is, the degree of firmness to be obtained from the use of the soution.
8. The acidity or alkalinity of the solution, in other words, the pH of the medium. (slightly alkaline is ideal).
9. The ease with which the solution penetrates or diffuses.

Answer 26

9 Qualities or Properties that Chemical Solutions Should Display in AFS:

Question 27

These chemicals only are modifying agents. They are never supplemental.

Answer 27

Surfactants, Water Conditioning Agents, Buffers

Question 28

1. Weight
2. Age
3. State of health
4. Physical state of the poison
5. Tolerance
6. Metabolic rate
7. Method of administration
8. Habituation

Answer 28

Factors Influencing the Actions of Poisons

Question 29

These show signs of poisonings in most cases.

Answer 29

The Kidney and Liver

Question 30

1. By lowering the surface tension of the preservative solution.
2. By reducing the capillary attraction.
3. By increasing the ability of the fluid to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an even and uniform manner, it is possible to incorporate color agents in the fluid and obtain a natural coloring and texture of the skin.

Answer 30

Three Ways Surfactants Work

Question 31

Plaster of Paris (Interacts with water- never use).

Answer 31

Dehydrating and Hardening Agents

Question 32

1. Clay
2. Chalk-powder- whiting
3. Wood flour
4. Wood shavings
5. Cork
6. Salts
7. Perlite- ground mothballs
8. Cellulose- sawdust

Answer 32

Moisture Absorbers- Dehydrating Agent-Fillers

Question 33

1. Help keeps blood in a liquid state during arterial embalming.
2. Reduces the minerals in the water.
3. Active dyes are most effective when they are in a base environment.
4. HCHO preserves better in an alkaline environment.

Answer 33

The 4 Purposes of Water Conditioners

Question 34

Water conditioners have a higher concentration of the chemicals and also treat the minerals (in hard water).

Answer 34

The Difference Between Anti-coagulants and Water Conditioners

Question 35

Act as a firmer in Jaundice fluids because Jaundice fluids typically are a lower index.

Answer 35

Leather Tanning Agents (Acids)

Question 36

1. Wide range of activity (works against viruses, bacteria, and fungi)
2. Sufficient strength (active against spore-forming organisms of bacilli and fungi)
3. Acts in the presence of water
4. Be stable and have a reasonably long shelf life
5. Non-corrosive to metal instruments
6. Fast acting
7. Not highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system.

Answer 36

Characteristics of a Good Disinfectant