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Flashcards in dosage form and drug delivery Deck (39)
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1
Q

the science that deals with the dosage forms design, which includes formulation, manufacturing, stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms”

A

pharmaceutics

2
Q

the science that converts a drug into a medicine

A

pharmaceutics

3
Q

these substances are seldom administered alone in their original forms, but as part of a formulation in combination with one or more non-medicinal agents that are referred to as additives or excipients.

A

drug substances

4
Q

the physical form un which the drug is available for administration

A

dosage form

5
Q

it’s a means of administering drugs to the body in a safe, efficient, reproducible and convenient manner

A

drug delivery system

6
Q

The ____ _____ or _____ solubilize, suspend, thicken, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, color, flavor, and/or control the release of the medicinal agents that do not interact with drugs, change or alter their pharmacological effects or produce pharmacological effect (inert).

A

pharmaceutical additives or excipients

7
Q

the pharmaceutical additives utilized must be ____ with one another and the drug must be used to produce a drug product that is: (5)

A
compatible
safe
stable
effective
easy to administer
aceptable to the patient
8
Q

what are 7 reasons why dosage forms are designed?

A
  1. to provide product with SAFE and CONVENIENT DELIVERY FORM and ACCURATE DOSE
  2. PROTECTION of a drug substance from destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity
  3. MASKING bitter taste or oder of a drug substance
  4. for suspension, to provide liquid preparations for substances that are INSOLUBLE or for PEDIATRICS administration
  5. to provide LOCALIZED DRUG ACTION
  6. to BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and 1st pass HEPATIC metabolism
9
Q

what is the order of dosage forms in the drug delivery system from immediate (simple) release to modified (complex) release

A
solutions
capsules
tablets
ointments/creams
transdermal system
inhalation
liposomes
drug eluting stents
10
Q

what are two classifications of dosage forms

A

physical form

route of administration

11
Q

what are some examples of solid dosage forms?

A

powders
granules
tablets
capsules

12
Q

what is an example of molded solid dosage forms?

A

suppositories

13
Q

what are some examples of semi solid dosage forms?

A

ointments
creams
gels
pastes

14
Q

what are some examples of liquid dosage forms?

A

parentarels
ophthalmic preparations
biologicals

15
Q

Dosage forms for _____, include solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules and oral powders

A

Oral routes

16
Q

this route is the most frequently used for drug administration
it is convenient for self-adminstration and effective for most drugs

A

Oral route

17
Q

Administered drugs are mainly absorbed into the systemic circulation through the ___

A

GIT

18
Q

what are some disadvantages of oral routes of administration?

A
  • slow onset of action
  • absorption variability and enzymatic and acidic destruction of certain drugs
  • 1st pass metabolism
  • unsuitable for unconscious and vomiting patients
19
Q

These dosage forms include mucoadhesive tablets, films and sprays, rapidly disintegrating tablets and soft gelatin capsules

A

•Buccal and Sublingual Route

20
Q

there’s a high blood flow resulting in rapid absorption through the this route.

  • Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
  • Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
  • Convenient for self-administration
  • May be used for unconscious patient
A

sublingual

21
Q

there’s a slow absorption through this route (sustained effect)

  • Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
  • Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
  • Convenient for self-administration
  • May be used for unconscious patient
A

the buccal

22
Q

what are some disadvantages of buccal and sublingual routes?

A

–Unacceptable palatability for bitter drugs
–Dissolution problem for dry mouth conditions
–Possibility of swallowing the dosage form
–Drug load might be limited (only small doses can be administered in comparison to the oral route)

23
Q

these dosage forms include suppositories, inserts, and enemas

A

•Rectal and Vaginal Route

24
Q

these dosage forms contain the following characteristics:

–Rapid absorption
–Can be administered for local or systemic effects (for ____)
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or deactivated in the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Convenient for pediatric patients
–Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism

A

Rectal and Vaginal Route

rectal

25
Q

What are dome disadvantages of rectal and vagina routes?

A

–it is inconvenient
–Drug absorption can be variable
–May require to be stored at 5 ºC

26
Q

These dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, dusting powders, lotions, and transdermal patches.
–Applied for local effect and can be used for systemic effect as well
–Absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation (sustained release effect)
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism

A

Topical and Transdermal Route

27
Q

What are some disadvantages of topical and transdermal route?

A

–Can be inconvenient for some of the formulations (sticky)
–Drug absorption can be variable
–Can cause irritation to the skin

28
Q

These dosage forms include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous ….. etc ampoules or vials

A

•Parenteral Route

29
Q

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Used for local and systemic effects (very effective)
–FAST onset of action (for IV and IM injections)
–Drugs enter directly or get absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Useful when orally administered drug is deactivated by the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Useful for emergency conditions
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
–Large volume can be administered via IV injections

A

•Parenteral Route

30
Q

What are some disadvantages of parenteral route?

A

–It is not patient-friendly
–Cost associated with the administration
–Side effects due to injection e.g. infection and embolism

31
Q

These dosage forms include powder aerosols, and metered aerosols
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Useful for EMERGENCY conditions (rapid onset of action)
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism

A

•Pulmonary Route

32
Q

what are some disadvantages of using pulmonary route?

A

–May need training

–LOW DRUG LOAD; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)

33
Q

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include sprays and drops
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Fast absorption and fast onset of action
–Useful when orally administered drug is DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Drug is absorbed into the SYSTEMIC circulation
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism

A

•Nasal Route

34
Q

Some disadvantages of nasal route

A

–Low drug load; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)
–Local irritation

35
Q

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include drops, ointments, hydrogels, inserts, injections, implants
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE

A

•Ocular Route

36
Q

some disadvantages of ocular route:

A

–WASH OUT OF MOST OF THE DRUG by nasolacrimal drainage and tears
–ONLY SMALL DOSES can be applied
–POOR ABSORPTION, specially to the posterior part of the eye

37
Q

This dosage form includes the following:
–Dosage forms are mainly drops
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE

A

•Otic Route

38
Q

disadvantages of otic routes

A

–LOW DOSES can be applied

–POOR ABSORPTION

39
Q

no single route of adminstration or dosage form is ideal for all ____ or all ____

A

drugs

diseases