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Social and Biobehavioral Medicine > Drug and Alcohol Addiction > Flashcards

Drug and Alcohol Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What is abuse?

What is dependence?

A

Abuse is an intense desire to obtain increasing amounts of a particular drug to the exclusion of all other activities

Dependence is the body’s physical need (addition) to a specific drug

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2
Q

Substance abuse disorders are distinguished by the presence of what characteristics compared to non-pathological substance use?

A

tolerance

withdrawal

compulsive use

substance related problems

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3
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

the presence of the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance - so that the same or closely related substance is used to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms

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4
Q

What is tolerance?

A

a state of progressively decreased responsiveness to a substance and markedly increased amounts of the substance ingested to achieve the desired effect

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5
Q

WHat is the prevalence of substance use disorders in clinics?

A

20%!

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6
Q

What is the most common illicit drug used in the US?

A

marijuana

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7
Q

Of prescription medications, what are the most commonly abused?

A

pain relievers - opioids

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8
Q

Which age group uses the most drugs?

A

18-25 yr olds

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9
Q

Is there a gender difference in marijuana use?

A

not much - females a little less

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10
Q

What are the main risk factors for drug abuse

A

early exposure

peer pressure and social environment

alcohol advertising and marketing

biological and genetic factors

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11
Q

What are the particularly high risk groups for drug use?

A

adolescents

older adults

men

american indians and whites

mental illness

homeless

upper midwest

family history

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12
Q

Employed individuals have ___ number of users while unemployed have ___ rates of use.

A

higher

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13
Q

In general, inheritability for drug abuse ranges from what?

A

40-60%

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14
Q

WHat neurotransmitters are associated with the positive hedonic effects of drug abuse?

A

dopamine

opioid peptides

serotonin

GABA

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15
Q

What withdrawal effects are associated with the following:

dopamine

opioid peptides

serotonin

GABA

A

dopamine = dysophoria

opioid peptides = pain

serotonin = dysphoria

GABA = anxiety, panic attacks

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16
Q

In what ways are cannabinoids used medicinally?

A

antiemetic, increase appetite

anticonvulsant

analgesic

17
Q

What percentage of marijuana users become addicted?

A

9%

18
Q

What are the endocrine effects of cannabinoids?

A

decreased testosterone (and sperm count)

inhibit LH, prolactin, growth hormone, but not FSH

Reduces TSH and T4 in animals

19
Q

What are the two main stimulants used most often in north america?

A

cocaine and methamphetamine

20
Q

All stimulants increase what group of NTs?

A

monoamines:

domapine initially, but chronically depletes

noreprinephrine

serotonin (MDMA blocks reuptake and cocaine increases firing)

21
Q

What are the two major classes of sedatives/hypnotics?

A

barbiturates

benzodiazepines

22
Q

The symptoms rebound (withdrawal) from sedatives usually lasts for how long and in what percentage of patients?

A

up to 3 weeks - in about 50% of patients taking BDZs for more than a few months

23
Q

What is symptoms reemergence and how is it different from symptom rebound?

A

it is NOT a withdrawal symdrome,…

it is the reoccurrence of the original disorder to the same level as before treatment

24
Q

protracted withdrawal can last ___

A

several months

25
Q

What neurotransmitter pathway reinforces alcohol abuse?

A

excitation of the VTA dopaminergic neurons

this facilitates glutaminergic transmission in mesolimbic and mesocortical areas

reinforces behavior

26
Q

The average adult metabolizes 1 ounce every ___ hour(s) depending on body weight.

A

3 hours

27
Q

How much higher is a woman’s BAL compared to a man for the same amount of ingested alcohol?

A

20-25%

28
Q

What two NTs does alcohol enhance to have an inhibitory function?

A

GABA and glycine

29
Q

ALcohol also ____ conduction of serotonin receptors.

A

enhances

30
Q

What symptoms would you expect to see with alcohol withdrawal?

A

seizures, tachy, HTN, fever

later on you can have hallucinations

31
Q

What is the primary challenge with opioid dependence and difficulty in quitting?

A

the opioid receptors in the brbain are affected in such a way that it takes the affected areas of the brain 3 months to heal, during which time they have anhedonia - the absence of pleasure or the ability to experience it

huge risk for relapse

32
Q
A

Social and Biobehavioral Medicine (23 decks)

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