Drugs

Question 1

Salbutamol

Answer 1

Used for asthma + obstruction
Not for prem labour, preg complications, pulmonary htn and MI risk/heart disease
Hypokalaemia with corticosteroids, diuretics, hypoxia
Can get arrhythmia, headache, nausea, muscle cramps
Ok to breast feed

Question 2

Gauifenesin or glyceryl guaiacolate

Answer 2

Expectorants for over 6s

Question 3

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Avanafil, sidenafil tadanavil

Answer 3

• erectile dysfunction
  Can give low bp, headaches, vasodilation. Not for sickle cell anaemia

Side- pulmonary arterial htn treated too
Tada- also treats bph

Question 4

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Roflumilast

Answer 4

Anti inflammatory and helps with bronchodilators for severe copd and chronic bronchitis

X with cancer immunosuppressant, depression, breastfeeding, pregnancy,hepatic impairment.

Side effects dec appetite, gi issues, headache, insomnia, weight loss

Also theophylline is similar takes p450

Question 5

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

Answer 5

Adjunct prophylaxis for chronic asthma or symptom management of seasonal allergic rhinitis in those with asthma

Eg ipratropium

In general side effects: diarrhoea, fever, gi discomfort, headache, nausea, skin reaction, upper rti and vomiting. Not for pregnancy nor breastfeeding. Take with food

Question 6

Ipratropium

Answer 6

Muscarinic antagonist and and anticholinergic
For asthma
Ipratropium bromide 4 asthma and copd.
Don’t give ipratropium with ipratropium bromide

Side effects arrhythmia, constipation, cough, dizzy, dry mouth, headache, nausea

Question 7

Digoxin

Answer 7

Cardiac glycoside for arrhythmia + symptoms of heart failure

Don’t give with hypomagnesia and Hypokalaemia

For afib flutter and heart failure- increases contraction and reduces conductivity

Half the dose ig with amiodarone, dronedarone, quinine

Risk of hypercalcaemia

Stop in elderly if not improving

Side effects: arrhythmia, cardiac conduction disorder, cerebral impairment, diarrhoea, dizziness, eosinophilia, nausea, skin reaction, visual disturbance, vomiting

Question 8

Calcium channel blockers: dihydropyridines

Answer 8

Amlodipine, nifedipine, nimodipine
Lowers blood pressure and vascular relaxation

Amylodipine x give W/ heart failure bc can depress cardiac function and increase mortality after MI for left vent + pulmonary congestion

Nifedipine relaxes vascular smooth muscle + dilates coronary and peripheral arteries. More artery focus and doesn’t risk heart failure

Nimodipine prefers cerebral arteries and is used to prevent and treat vascular spasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 9

Calcium channel blockers:

Non dihydropyridines

Answer 9

Verapamil hydrochloride, Diltiazem hydrochloride
Lowers blood pressure and vascular relaxation

Verapamil hydrochloride for angina, htn, arrhythmia, x use with beta blockers- can give hypotension and commonly constipation

Diltiazem hydrochloride for most anginas and htn. If betas don’t work. Risk bradycardia

Question 10

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 10

Inc filtration and flow and dec htn. Inhibits na-cl cotransporter of dct. Relieve oedema from chronic heart failure and in lower doses for reduced blood pressure

Aldosterone antagonist spironolactone potentiates thiazides and loops eg with furosemide

Acts 1-2hrs in, give early in the day so doesn’t affect sleep

Bendroflumethiazide for mild-moderate heart failure
Chlortalidone and indapamide are preferred for htn
Indapamide makes vasodilation

Risk of Hypokalaemia with diuretics

Risk encephalopathy if had alcoholic cirrhosis

X with addisons, hyperkalaemia, hearing loss

Be careful with diabetes mellitus, hyperaldosteronism, malnourishment, nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematus

Indapamide is better with Dm

Metolazone is good alongside loops but risk of diuresis
Chlortalidone can be used for cirrhosis ascites if stable or nephrotic oedema for htn or heart failure or diabetes insipidus

Question 11

Loop diuretics

Answer 11

Used in pulmonary oedema due to left ventricular failure. Also chronic heart failure. Loops affect pct na-cl channels
Can make diabetes worse

Furosemide and bumetanide act within 1hr and takes 6hrs.

For diuretic resistant pulmonary oedema- but not lymph or venous statis or ca blockers- should use tocasemide. Can also use for htn

Question 12

K+ sparing diuretics

Answer 12

Work with na reabsorption in collecting duct.
Amiloride hydrochloride and triamterene cause retention if potassium and used as an adjunct for resistant cases. Wi k supps ace or arbs leads to hyperkalaemia

Question 13

Aldosterone antagonist spironolactone

Answer 13

Aldosterone antagonist spironolactone potentiates thiazides and loops eg with furosemide. Good for oedema and cirrhosic ascites and primary hyper aldosteronism /conns syndrome before surgery

Question 14

Mannitol

Answer 14

Osmotic diuretic for cerebral oedema and inc intraoccular pressure

Question 15

Fluconazole

Answer 15

For candida balanitis/vaginitis or oropharynx (1 day vs 1-2wks)

Also for tinea pedis, corporis (ringworm), pityriasis versicolour, dermal candidiasis

Don’t give with acute porphyrias

Gi reactions and rash common. X for pregnancy or liver impairment

Can also use ketoconazole transdermally

Question 16

Angiotensin converting enzyme/ ACE inhibitors

Answer 16

Heart meds to dialate vessels for flow and pressure

X for history of angioedema, diuretics, dialysis, atherosclerosis - risk of Reno vascular disease

Not for elderly with postural drop or hyperkal
Not with dialysis due to anaphylaxis

Can get alopecia, angina, arrhythmia, GI issues, myalgia, dry cough, headache, rash

X for pregnancy

Enalapril, lisinopril, perinaopril

Ramipril also used for prophylaxis after MI
Don’t give w aliskiren/diabetes for gi upset risk of infection and muscle spazm

Question 17

Angiotensin receptor blockers ARBs

Answer 17

Heart meds to dialate vessels for flow and pressure

Given if aces show side effects.

Possible side effects here = dizziness, headache, cold symptoms.
Includes candesartan, Losartan

Candesartan for htn, heart failure, preventing future strokes, heart attacks, kidney issues. 2nd choice.
X if had diarrhoea or vomiting, kidney transplant, low salt diet, diabetes, liver issues, hypotension, pregnant/trying or breastfeeding.

Not to be used with aspirin, heparin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, diuretics, lithium, spironolactone

Question 18

Alpha blockers

Answer 18

Competitive for symp activity/ nerves on blood vessels. Some are non competitive- phenoxybenzamine = prolonged action. Makes vasodilation for arteries and veins. Even works for pheochromocytoma. 1st line for htn terazosin and doxazosin

Doxazosin- for htn bph. Be careful with syncope posture or micturition, cataract surgery, pulmonary oedema or heart failure

Side effects- arrhythmia, cough, drowsy, cystitis, gi issues, vertigo and skin reactions
X for breastfeeding

Question 19

Methotrexate

Answer 19

For DMARD inflammation and cancer chemotherapy. For crohns, rheumatoid arthritis and severe psoriasis.

X give with photosensitivity, dehydration, diarrhoea.
Bone marrow suppression and stomatitis can occur.

Side effects if intrathecal- necrotising demyelinating leukoencephalopathy, neurotoxicity. Orally- anemia, diarrhoea, headache, inc risk of infection

Folic acid can reduce side effects. Not safe for pregnancy nor breastfeeding.

Question 20

Sodium picosulphate

Answer 20

Stimulant laxative with magnesium citrate increases stool vis inhibit water absorption and activating peristalsis
X give with intestinal obstruction
Can cause diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting

Question 21

Misoprostol

Answer 21

Synthetic prostaglandin analogue for less secretion of gi and duodenal ulcers. Also uterine stimulant for abortion at 9 weeks after initial dose of mifepristone 24hrs before 
Can induce labour topically 
For benign gastric or duodenal ulcer 
X with cardiovascular disease 
Can give nausea, rash, vomiting
Don’t use if breastfeeding 
Contraceptive ok

Question 22

Odansetron

Answer 22

5ht3 R antagonist for Gi and cns nausea/vomiting, eg via chemotherapy, postoperative nausea

X give wi QT elongation. Can get constipation, hot, headaches
X for breastfeeding nor 1st trimester

(H2 receptor antagonists
Famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine
have same role. Caution wi renal and hepatic impairment. Not with endoscopy. Can interact with azole fungals, protease inhibitors like atazanavir. )

Question 23

GABA inhibitors

Answer 23

Diazepam, or for sleeping: nitrazepam, flurazepam, long acting loprazolam

Question 24

D2 dopamine receptor antagonists

Droperidol and metoclopramide

Answer 24

Droperidol sedative used wi opioid analgesics like fentanyl to make calm and cooperative. Also an antiemetic for surgery. Don’t give with acebutolol or cns depressants

Metaclopramide for nausea and vomiting from diabetic gastroperesis, gerd, heartburn, chemo or surgery. X with abacavir or acebutolol or alcohol.
Side effects - confusion, restlessness, tired, diarrhoea, raised bp, dystonia. X for asthmatic.

Question 25

Allopurinol

Answer 25

Prophylaxis of gout and uric acid + calcium oxalate renal stones and hyperuricaemia from chemotherapy. Not for acute gout. May develop a rash.

Question 26

Methyl prednisolone

Answer 26

For iv suppression of inflammatory and allergic conditions, cerebral oedema with malignancy. It’s a corticosteroid also used for multiple sclerosis Avoid live vaccines, benzyl alcohol, immunosuppressants. Risk of cardiovascular collapse, systemic sclerosis that can lead to scleroderma renal crisis. Orally, depression is common. Confusion, hallucination, karposi’s sarcoma, dyslipidemia. With also risk angioedema, cataract, embolism and thrombosis

Question 27

Lithium carbonate

Answer 27

Treatment and prophylaxis of mania, bipolar, chronic depression, aggressive or self harming behaviour X with Addisons, arrhythmia, heart failure, dehydration, family history of brugada syndrome, untreated htn, low sodium diet, diuretics, myasthenia gravis, prolonged qt Avoid abrupt end, lower threshold for a seizure Manage thyroid if taken long term X with aceclofenac, amifampridine, citalopram, clarithromycin

Question 28

Cyclosporine

Answer 28

Calcineurin inhibitor- anti inflammatory immunosuppressant for organ rejection, crohns, nephrotic syndrome, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis X with kidney disease, uncontrolled htn, cancer or puva uvb, radiation, methotrexate, coal tar, antivirals, birth control, seizure meds, antibiotics, cholesterol treatments Can pass into breast milk Side effects- acne, shaking, nausea, diarrhoea, bp, hair, painful gums

Question 29

Trip tans ssra

Answer 29

For acute migrane and also headaches Sumatriptan and naproxen nsaid together approved for acute and long term Side effects numbness leg cramps

Question 30

Clopidogrel

Answer 30

Prevent athero thrombosis in per cutaneous coronary intervention when used with aspirin. Can be used in TIA with an aspirin hypersensitivity and ppi not working. Preventative also after a MI GI symptoms can arise. X with a high risk of bleeding

Question 31

Naproxen

Answer 31

NSAID for pain, menstrual cramps, inflammatory disease and fever, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, gout Also inc risk heart disease- don’t use with htn and around a heart bypass

Question 32

Prednisolone

Answer 32

Glucocorticoid with minimal mineralocorticoid effects Give with acute asthma and copd, croup, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, ulcerative colitis, crohns, myasthenia, temporal arteritis, dialated arteries, lupus Don’t give to neonates or those with live vaccinations, risk heart failure, cushings, anxiety, cataract issues, GI issues, osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, infection - that’s in all corticosteroids

Question 33

Methyl prednisolone

Answer 33

Corticosteroid For IV suppression of inflammatory and allergic conditions and cerebral oedema with malignancy, multiple sclerosis X with live vaccine, benzyl alcohol, immunosuppressants Risk of cardiovascular collapse, systemic sclerosis > scleroderma renal crisis Orally, common to get depression, confusion, hallucination, karposi sarcoma, dyslipidema IV also risk of angioedema, cataract, embolism and thrombosis

Question 34

Morphine

Answer 34

All ages past 1m for pain. Can be used to constipate in rectal cancer Risk in benzodiazepines and opioids of respiratory depression X with head injury, raised icp, heart failure from lung disease, delayed gastric emptying, pheochromocytoma Side effects arrhythmia, constipation, dizziness, headache, vertigo, GI issues If respiratory depression- reverse with naloxone or ventilation if needed

Question 35

Carvedilol

Answer 35

Betablocker for high blood pressure, angina and heart failure. Not safe for asthma, p/bf, liver or kidney dysfunction, hypotension, diabetes, psoriasis, myasthenia gravis, heart block, prinzmetals angina. Common side effects for more than 1/10 is dizzy, tired, headache, heart failure, nausea, cold extremities.

Question 36

Haloperidol

Answer 36

Antipsychotic for schizophrenia, psychoses, agitation. It’s a typical and 1st gen. Dopamine receptor antagonist. Good for positive symptoms. Uses: schizophrenia, Tourette’s, Huntington’s and intractable hiccups. Side effects include weight gain, drug-induced Parkinsonism, traduce dyskinesia, akathisia. Fewest for this class but more extra pyramidal. Mostly replaced with 2nd gen: risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone. Interacts with benzodiazepine

Question 37

Reserpine

Answer 37

A Rauwolfia alkaloid and adrenergic uptake inhibitor with antihypertensive effects. Lipid solvable and works PST blood brain barrier. Used for bp and heart rate alongside thiazides or vasodilator. Also for agitation in mental disorders. Link to causing fibroadenoma. Avoid alcohol. Also bad with benzodiazepines. Take with food.

Question 38

Zopiclone

Answer 38

A cyclopyrrolone that acts like benzodiazepine for sleeping troubles. Common side effects are metallic taste, dry mouth, daytime sleepiness. Not prescribed long term for dependency Not good with myasthenia gravis, addiction, p/bf, sleep apnoea. Some do things they can’t remember when asleep. Don’t take with alcohol, antianxiety meds eg lorazepam nor anticonvulsants eg phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine, gabapentin

Question 39

Gadolinium contrast

Answer 39

Enhances MRI by altering magnetic properties of water to see blood vessels and neuroanatomy clearer. Used when looking for tumours, abscesses, angiogram, calculating MR perfusion. Some contrast solutions also contain iron or manganese. Adverse reactions are rare with a 30% reoccurrence in those who have hypersensitivity. Risk is higher for those with bronchial asthma or iodine based allergies. Suspicion between this contrast and use for renal failure and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Question 40

Buserelin

Answer 40

Synthetic hormone used to treat infertility as a gonadorelin analogue on the pituitary gland to control ovulation. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer and endometriosis. Common side effects include temporary tumour flare and raised testosterone, hot flushes and sweats, nasal issues, sexual effects, nausea, headache, bowel changes, weight gain, depression. Do not use with abnormal vaginal bleeding, depression, diabetes, htn, metabolic bone disease, pcos

Question 41

Tamoxifen

Answer 41

Blocks effects of oestrogen/ inhibits from receptors in the hypothalamus. Works in the breast tissue to prevent and treat breast cancer that is hormone positive. Also treats anovulatory infertility to stimulate gnrh. Also treats gynaecomastia. Don’t give If risk of thromboembolism. Side effects : weight gain/oedema, irregular periods, nausea, rash, erectile dysfunction, hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal changes to discharge, increased tumour or bone pain

Question 42

Colchicine

Answer 42

Medication used to treat gout abs Behçet’s disease. For gout, nsaids or steroids are usually preferred. Other uses include for pericarditis and familial Mediterranean fever. Used as antiinflammatory in early stages of covid. Side effects can be nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, reduced fertility in men. Rare is paraesthesias, bruising, flu symptoms or pallor X great with antibiotics, antifungals, statins, antivirals, grapefruit

Question 43

Carbamazepine

Answer 43

Anticonvulsant to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Used in adjunct for schizophrenia and as a secondline in bipolar. Commonly given for trigeminal neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth. Don’t take alcohol as makes a greater sedative. Risk of hyponatremia. Don’t have grapefruit.

Question 44

Trimethoprim

Answer 44

Antibiotic commonly used for UTIs, cystitis, middle ear infections, travelers diarrhoea, acne. with sulfamethoxazole or dapsone for pneumocystis pneumonia in those with hiv/aids. In combo with polymyxin B treats bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis. Treats ecoli, k pneumoniae, enterobacter, mirabilis, staphylococcus, shigella. Side effects diarrhoea, headache, vomiting, nausea, taste problems, hyperkalaemia, meningitis, sjs. Can have allergy

Question 45

Dexamethasone

Answer 45

Glucocorticoid for rheumatoid conditions like ankylosis spondylitis, forms of arthritis, lupus. Skin conditions like sjs, eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis. Allergies, asthma, copd, croup, brain swelling, post operative eye pain and alongside antibiotics in TB. Also given for adrenal insufficiency, eg Addison’s disease low cortisol. Don’t take with viral eye infection, fungal infection, TB, roundworm strongyloides Intestinal infection, hypothyroidism nor diabetes Side effects are nausea, vomiting oedema, headache, dizziness, anxiety/mood changes, insomnia, Hypokalaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia.

Question 46

Tamsulosin alpha blocker

Answer 46

Treats bph and chronic prostatitis and kidney stones

Question 47

Doxasin alpha blocker

Answer 47

For hypertensive bph, stones, htn

Question 48

Diclofenac

Answer 48

NSAID for kidney stones, gout, sun damage, eye irritation.Not suitable for heart disease- risk of clots, SLE, asthma, stomach ulcers, ibd Can get heartburn, reflux, nausea or diarrhoea

Question 49

Apixaban

Answer 49

Anticoagulant for treatment and prevention of blood clots, particularly in those with atrial fibrillation or after hip/knee replacements. Avoid high vitamin k. Less suitable than warfarin if patient has antiphospholipid syndrome. Don’t give of have a prosthetic heart valve or recent haemophilia or hemorrhage. If patient has epidural catheter- risk of paralysis if not removed 20-30hrs after apixaban dose. Commonly can cause anaemia, nausea or skin reactions

Question 50

Co beneldopa

Answer 50

Relieves symptoms of Parkinson’s disease to help motor symptoms and impulse control like tremors, stiffness etc. It is a mix of benserazide hydrochloride and levodopa. Side effects could be nausea, hypotension, dec appetite, anxiety, hallucination, sleep difficulty Don’t give with Cushing disease, DM, MI with arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism, phaechromocytoma.

Question 51

Letrozole

Answer 51

First line treatment in post menopausal women with hormone dependent advanced breast cancer, or extended treatment for postmenopausal women after five years of chemo tamoxifen. Side effects include alopecia, arthralgia, fractures, constipation, dizziness, Headache, hypercholesterolaemia, htn, hyperhidrosis Risk of osteoporosis

Question 52

Rivaroxaban

Answer 52

Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism following knee and hip replacement. Prophylaxis of stroke and MI in those with afib and htn/congested hf/prev stroke or Tia. Treatment of dvt and pe, stroke. Prophylaxis of clots after acute event with raised cardiac biomarkers when with aspirin or/& clopidogrel. X with antiphospholipid syndrome, anything at risk of bleeding

Question 53

Indications for clopidogrel

Answer 53

Prevent clot after per cutaneous coronary intervention, clot in peripheral arterial disease, prevention after clot from MI or after ischemia stroke if can’t take aspirin.

Question 54

Ramipril ACE

Answer 54

For htn, for clot prevention after MI if have hf, prevention of cv events in those with atherosclerosis or dm and one other risk factor.

Question 55

Amiodarone

Answer 55

A cardiac stabiliser for vent tachy and fib, afib and paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia. Side effects tired nausea tremors constipation. Usually given for ventricular issues. Risk of interstitial pneumonitis, liver issues, arrhythmia and thyroid issues Not great with other p450 drugs

Question 56

P450 drugs

Answer 56

Amiodarone, ciclosporin, digoxin, procainamide, quinidine, sildenavil, simvastatin, theophylline, warfarin. Not for hep c drugs ledipasvir/sofosbuvir

Question 57

Ciclosporin

Answer 57

Calcineurin inhibitor for immune suppression of autoimmune disease, dry eyes and nephrotic syndrome

Question 58

Procainamide

Answer 58

Anti arrhythmic sodium channel blocker. Risk of SLE.

Question 59

Quinidine

Answer 59

For vent arrhythmia and brugada syndrome but causes qT interval prolonged

Question 60

Sildenavil/viagra

Answer 60

For erecting and also pulmonary arterial htn. Can give headaches, heartburn and flushed skin

Question 61

Simvastatin

Answer 61

Lipid lowering statin for dec risk in heart disease and clots. Don’t use with amiodarone or calcium channel blockers verapamil, amlodipine and Diltiazem

Question 62

Ursodeoxycholic acid/ ursodiol

Answer 62

Bile thinner used to dissolve some gallstones, prevent them in the obese rapidly losing weight, for gall reflux gastritis and to treat primary biliary cirrhosis (often with obeticholic acid) Not good for acute biliary colic or acute inflammation of the gallbladder and nearby structures. A common side effect is diarrhoea and pale faeces.

Question 63

Cholestyramine

Answer 63

bile sequestrant binds to bile so it is not reabsorbed, used for hyperlipidemia, pruritus of biliary obstruction, diarrhoea (from crohns, ileal resection, vagotomy, diabetic vagal neuropathy, radiation. Interference with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (supplements of vitamins A, D, K, and folic acid may be required when treatment is prolonged). Side effects can include constipation; gastrointestinal discomfort; headache; nausea; vomiting

Question 64

Nabumetone

Answer 64

Nabumetone nsaid is used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 65

Indomethacin

Answer 65

Indomethacin nsaid is used to treat moderate to severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis. Indomethacin is also used to treat shoulder pain caused by bursitis or tendinitis

Question 66

Aliskiren

Answer 66

Essential hypertension either alone or in combination with other antihypertensives. not if egfr is -60. Direct renin inhibitor. Dont give apple or orange juice.

Question 67

Zinc toxicity

Answer 67

50 mg of zinc. Excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption. Can be inc LDL and also cause vomiting, pain/cramping and diarrhoea.

Question 68

Lead poisoning

Answer 68

Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. The brain is the most sensitive. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, and tingling in the hands and feet.

Question 69

Gabapentin

Answer 69

An anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain. It is a first-line medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central pain Dizziness and drowsiness are common gabapentin side effects. Weight gain and uncoordinated movement are possible.

Question 70

Trimethoprim

Answer 70

Trimethoprim is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections and UTIs/cystitis. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travellers' diarrhoea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. Side effects of trimethoprim: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, loss of appetite, changes in taste, and headache may occur

Question 71

Beclometasone

Answer 71

Orally inhaled, are used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are known as corticosteroid "preventer" inhalers and are often brown or beige. ``` Side effects: headache. sore or painful throat. runny or stuffy nose. back pain. nausea. cough. ```

Question 72

Amitriptyline hydrochloride

Answer 72

Tricyclic antidepressant for abdominal pain and discomfort, major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis. Don’t use in mania, arrhythmia, soon after MI. Common side effect is anti cholinergic syndrome, drowsiness and qt interval prolongation.

Question 73

Gabapentin

Answer 73

Adjunctive or mono therapy treatment for focal seizures, peripheral neuropathic pain, menopausal symptoms in those with breast cancer, oscillopsia and spasticity in multiple sclerosis, muscular issues in motor neurone disease.

Question 74

Sulfamethoxazole

Answer 74

antibiotic for UTIs, bronchitis and prostatitis for gram positive and negative. Often used with trimethoprim for pneumocystis pneumonia.

Question 75

Trimethoprim

Answer 75

Trimethoprim is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travellers' diarrhoea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, loss of appetite, changes in taste, and headache may occur. Amoxicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin, for example -- are considered safe for pregnant women.

Question 76

Cimetidine

Answer 76

a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is mainly used in the treatment of peptic ulcers and to reduce acid during surgery and obstetrics. Will reduce degradation of pancreatic enzyme supplements. Headache, dizziness, drowsiness, or diarrhoea may occur.

Question 77

Lisinopril

Answer 77

ACE inhibitor, 1st line for HTN, HF and after an MI. Also given to prevent kidney problems in people with DM, avoid with high potassium or renal failure. Affects fetal lungs.

Question 78

Bisoprolol

Answer 78

Most common beta blocker for heart diseases

Question 79

Doxazocin

Answer 79

Alpha blocker antihypertensive and for bph

Question 80

Empagliflozin-

Answer 80

An SGLT-2 (sodium glucose cotransporter 2) Controls T2 diabetes, used to reduce CVD risk of death from HF. Can be prescribed instead of metaformin or with it. Also reduces BP. Contraindication is a bit more risky for elderly or reduced kidney function + diuretics and a slight increase in LDL. Common side effects- UTI, fungal groin infection, joint pain, fournier's gangrene, DKA.

Question 81

Gliclazide

Answer 81

Gliclazide is a Sulfonylurea that stimulates insulin production. Skin rash is possible.

Question 82

Lercanidipine

Answer 82

Lercanidipine Calcium channel blocker. Gives swollen ankles, palpitations, flushing. Eg amlodipine, felodipine and lacidipine. Diltiazem, Felodipine, Isradipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nisoldipine, Verapamil.

Question 83

Monomil

Answer 83

Isosorbide mononitrate, prophylaxis for angina (+/- congestive heart failure). Tolerance effects to monomil are fairly common. Contraindicated with postural hypotension. Can cause arrhythmia.

Question 84

Gelofusine

Answer 84

Plasma volume substitute, a fluid gelatine as IV colloid and mimics albumin in solution- inc Bp, flow, Cardiac Output, O2 transport.

Question 85

Sodium thiopental

Answer 85

Rapid acting barbiturate general anesthetic. Often given to lightly sedate/relax before inducing fully with nitrous oxide.

Question 86

Propofol

Answer 86

Inducer anaesthetic and maintains. Also reduces memory and consciousness. Can also sedate- often with patients on ventilators.

Question 87

Midazolam

Answer 87

Benzodiazepine for sedation before surgery or before a procedure.

Question 88

Rocuronium

Answer 88

Muscle relaxant, often for intubation or ventilation.

Question 89

Metaraminol

Answer 89

Used for acute hypotension and priapism like noradrenaline but with longer action. Can induce HTN.