Drugs Flashcards
Drug
any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infection
Some antibiotics kill bacteria by destroying their cell wall, leading to the cell bursting. Others inhabit growth of bacteria. However viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics, as they do not grow and reproduce the same way as bacteria, and does not have the same structure.
some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics
- Mutation: Occurs in bacterial cell, which makes it resistant to an antibiotic.
- These Cell which are not killed by antibiotics, whilst others who have not become resistant are killed.
- Resistant cell can survive and reproduce, producing more resistant bacterial cells.
how development of resistant bacteria such as MRSA can be minimised
- Only use antibiotics for serious infections.
- Ensuring full treatment is completed, to make sure all the bacteria is killed.
why antibiotics kill bacteria, but do not affect viruses
Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not affect viruses. As they don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does, hence cant be killed by antibiotics.
Effects of excessive alcohol consumption and abuse of heroin
– powerful depressant drugs: Low rate of nervous impulses by blocking synapses
– effect on reaction times and self-control: Thus reactions time are slower.
– addiction and withdrawal symptoms: lower self-control
– which leads to negative social implications, e.g. crime
The drugs release dopamine into synapses that causes a “high” this is addictive and leads to withdrawal symptoms, if person stops taking the drug such as Anxiety, insomnia, headaches, Nausea.
Other medical Problems lead by Effects of excessive alcohol consumption and abuse of heroin
- injecting heroin can cause infections such as HIV, from sharing dirty infections.
- excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage, as liver breaks down alcohol and other toxins.
how heroin affects the nervous system
Since it is a Powerful depressant drugs, there are Low rate of nervous impulses by blocking synapses. There are Effect on reaction times and self-control, Thus reactions time are slower.
Effects of tobacco smoking
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Decreases efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs by damaging the alveoli, Thus decreasing surface area for diffusion, causing inflammation in airways.
- Lung cancer: Cigarette smoke contains toxic chemicals, carcinogens.
- coronary heart disease: Puts strain on heart due to nicotine and carbon monoxide, Co displaces oxygen, from haemoglobin thus CO binds to it instead, less oxygen means that heart must work harder to pump blood to supply tissues. There is increased risk to blood clots and damage to arteries. CHD leads to heart attack and failure.
link between smoking and lung cancer
People who smoke cigarettes are likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke
Components of Cigarettes
- Nicotine: Addictive, Causes high heart rate, and blood pressure. Triggers the release of adrenaline.
- Tar: When inhaled, sticks to cilia in lungs, which transport mucus away from lungs to prevent infections. Tar prevents it from doing this. Build up of tar can narrow airways.
- Carbon monoxide: Decreases amount of oxygen in the blood, puts a strain on heart to supply more.
Liver
liver is the site of break down of alcohol and other toxins
Use of hormones to improve sporting performance
- Anabolic steroids: Triggers release of hormones, which promote muscle mass and strength.
- Testosterone: Hormone which enhances athletic performance by improving muscle strength and size, as well as increasing energy levels, and hand-eye coordination
