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Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Tonsilitis/sinusitis/scarlet fever
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2
Q

Benzylpenicillin

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Meningitis (IM)/syphilis (IM)/scarlet fever
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3
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Pneumonia/otitis media/UTI/lyme disease/H. pylori
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4
Q

Flucloxacillin

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Impetigo/cellulitis/mastitis/CF/balanitis/septic arthritis/otitis externa
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5
Q

Co-amoxiclav

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • HAP/cellulitis/bites
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6
Q

Azithromycin

A
  • Macrolide
  • Inhibits bacterial growth
  • Often if allergic to penicillins/pregnancy
  • Chlamydia/mycoplasma pneumonia/whooping cough
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7
Q

Clarithromycin

A
  • Macrolide
  • Inhibits bacterial growth
  • Often if allergic to penicillins/pregnancy
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia/whooping cough/tonsilitis/balanitis/pneumonia/cellulitis/H. pylori
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8
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Macrolide
  • Inhibits bacterial growth
  • Often if allergic to penicillins/pregnancy
  • Chlamydia/whooping cough/cellulitis
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9
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A
  • Fluoroquinolone
  • Inhibit enzymes for DNA replication
  • Meningitis (close contacts)
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10
Q

Rifampicin

A
  • Broad-spectrum abx
  • Meningitis (close contacts)/TB
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11
Q

Co-trimoxazole

A
  • Sulfonamide
  • Inhibit folic acid synthesis
  • HIV (PCP)
  • Teratogenic
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12
Q

Fusidic acid

A
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Inhibits protein synthesis
  • Impetigo/staph
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13
Q

Doxycycline

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal 30S sub-unit
  • Often if allergic to penicillins/pregnancy
  • Pneumonia/cellulitis/bites/chlamydia/lyme disease/PID/syphilis
  • Teratogenic
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14
Q

Cefotaxime

A
  • Cephalosporin
  • Bacterial cell lysis/death
  • NEC/meningitis (<3 months)
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15
Q

Ceftriaxone

A
  • Cephalosporin
  • Bacterial cell lysis/death
  • Meningitis/gonorrhoea (IM)/PID
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16
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • Diaminopyrimidine
  • Inhibit folic acid synthesis
  • UTI
  • Teratogenic
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17
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A
  • Nitrofuran
  • Inhibits DNA/RNA/protein synthesis
  • UTI/UTI in pregnancy
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18
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • Nitroimidazole
  • Inhibits bacterial growth
  • Cellulitis/bites/PID/BV/trichomona vaginalis/H. pylori/appendicitis
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19
Q

Fluconazole

A
  • Antifungal (triazole) - oral
  • Vaginal candidiasis/oesophageal candidiasis/balanitis/tinea corporis
  • P450 inhibition/liver toxicity
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20
Q

Clotrimazole

A
  • Antifungal (triazole) - pessary/cream
  • Vaginal candidiasis/balanitis/tinea corporis
  • P450 inhibition/liver toxicity
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21
Q

Itraconazole

A
  • Antifungal (triazole) - oral
  • Onychomycosis/pityriasis versicolor/oesophageal candidiasis
  • P450 inhibition/liver toxicity
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22
Q

Ketoconazole

A
  • Antifungal (triazole) - shampoo/topical
  • Seborrhoeic dermatitis/tinea capitis/pityriasis versicolor
  • P450 inhibition/liver toxicity
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23
Q

Miconazole

A
  • Antifungal (triazole) - cream
  • Nipple candidiasis
  • P450 inhibition/liver toxicity
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24
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • Antifungal
  • Systemic fungal infections
  • Nephrotoxicity/flu-like symptoms/hypokalaemia/hypomagnaseamia
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25
Terbinafine
- Antifungal - Onychomycosis/tinea capitis (trichophyton tonsurans)/tinea pedis - LFT monitoring
26
Griseofulvin
- Antifungal - Tinea capitis (microsporum) - Teratogenic/induces P450 system
27
Flucytosine
- Antifungal - Systemic fungal infections - Vomiting
28
Caspofungin
- Antifungal - Systemic fungal infections - Flushing
29
Nystatin
- Antifungal - topical - Oral candidiasis/nipple candidiasis - Toxic so can only be used topically
30
Aciclovir
- Antiviral - oral/topical/IV - Chickenpox (PEP)/meningitis/HSV/shingles/eczema herpeticum/encephalitis/Ramsay Hunt syndrome
31
Valaciclovir
- Antiviral - Chickenpox (PEP)/shingles
32
Famciclovir
- Antiviral - HSV/shingles
33
Sodium Valproate
- Anticonvulsant - Increases GABA activity - Males = generalised tonic-clonic seizures/myoclonic seizures/tonic or atonic seizures/absence seizures (2nd line) - Teratogenic/P450 inhibitor - FBC/LFT monitoring
34
Lamotrigine
- Anticonvulsant - Sodium channel blocker - Females = generalised tonic-clonic seizures/tonic or atonic seizures/absence seizures (2nd line) - Both = focal seizures - Stevens-Johnson syndrome
35
Levetiracetam
- Anticonvulsant - Females = generalised tonic-clonic seizures/myoclonic seizures/absence seizures (2nd line) - Both = focal seizures
36
Carbamazepine
- Anticonvulsant - Focal seizures (2nd line) - Exacerbates absence seizures
37
Oxcarbazepine
- Anticonvulsant - Focal seizures (2nd line)
38
Zonisamide
- Anticonvulsant - Focal seizures (2nd line)
39
Ethosuximide
- Anticonvulsant - Absence seizures
40
Phenytoin
- Anticonvulsant - Epilepsy/status epilepticus - Teratogenic/P450 inducer
41
Sertraline
- SSRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin from presynaptic serotonin pumps - Depression (post MI)/GAD/panic disorder - GI bleeding/serotonin syndrome/hyponatraemia - U&E monitoring
42
Fluoxetine
- SSRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin from presynaptic serotonin pumps - Depression (children/adolescents) - GI bleeding/serotonin syndrome/interactions/hyponatraemia - U&E monitoring
43
Citalopram
- SSRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin from presynaptic serotonin pumps - Depression - GI bleeding/QT interval prolongation/serotonin syndrome/hyponatraemia - ECG/U&E monitoring
44
Escitalopram
- SSRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin from presynaptic serotonin pumps - Depression - GI bleeding/QT interval prolongation/serotonin syndrome/hyponatraemia - ECG/U&E monitoring
45
Paroxetine
- SSRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin from presynaptic serotonin pumps - Depression - GI bleeding/serotonin syndrome/interactions/hyponatraemia - U&E monitoring
46
Venlafaxine
- SNRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline - Depression/GAD/social anxiety disorder/panic disorder/menopausal sx - Hyponatraemia/HTN - BP monitoring
47
Duloxetine
- SNRI - Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline - Depression/GAD/social anxiety disorder/panic disorder/menopausal sx/fibromyalgia/diabetic neuropathy/neuropathic pain/stress incontinence - HTN - BP monitoring
48
Mirtazapine
- NaSSA - Blocks alpha2-adrenergic receptors to increase neurotransmitter release - Depression (older people - fewer side effects/interactions) - Sedation/increased appetite
49
Amitriptyline
- TCA - Inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake - Fibromyalgia/IBS/diabetic neuropathy/migraine (prophylaxis)/neuropathic pain - Antimuscarinic (urinary retention/dry mouth/blurred vision/constipation)/antihistaminergic (drowsiness)/antiadrenergic (postural hypotension)/QT lengthening/particularly dangerous in overdose
50
Clomipramine
- TCA - Inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake - OCD/GAD (2nd line)/panic disorder (2nd line) - Antimuscarinic (urinary retention/dry mouth/blurred vision/constipation)/antihistaminergic (drowsiness)/antiadrenergic (postural hypotension)/QT lengthening
51
Imipramine
- TCA - Inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake - GAD (2nd line)/panic disorder (2nd line) - Antimuscarinic (urinary retention/dry mouth/blurred vision/constipation)/antihistaminergic (drowsiness - less sedative)/antiadrenergic (postural hypotension)/QT lengthening
52
Isocarboxazid
- MAOI - Inhibit monoamine oxidase which metabolises serotonin/noradrenaline - Atypical depression - Hypertensive crisis (tyramine cheese reaction)/anticholinergic (sedation)//serotonin syndrome
53
Phenelzine
- MAOI - Inhibit monoamine oxidase which metabolises serotonin/noradrenaline - Atypical depression - Hypertensive crisis (tyramine cheese reaction)/anticholinergic (sedation)//serotonin syndrome
54
Haloperidol
- Typical antipsychotic - Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist - Acute confusional state/agitation and confusion/hiccups (palliative care)/N+V (palliative care)/bipolar disorder - Hyperprolactinaemia/extrapyramidal (Parkinsonism/acute dystonia/akathisia/tardive dyskinesia)/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/long QT syndrome/raised prolactin/NMS
55
Chlorpromazine
- Typical antipsychotic - Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist - Hiccups (palliative care)/hyperemesis gravidarum/serotonin syndrome (severe)/agitation and confusion (2nd line) - Cholestasis/hyperprolactinaemia/extrapyramidal (Parkinsonism/acute dystonia/akathisia/tardive dyskinesia)/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/NMS
56
Olanzapine
- Atypical antipsychotic - Bipolar disorder/acute confusional state/N+V (palliative care)/schizophrenia/Huntington's - Weight gain/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/dyslipidaemia/obesity/NMS
57
Risperidone
- Atypical antipsychotic - PTSD (severe)/schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder - Weight gain/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/NMS/hyperprolactinaemia
58
Clozapine
- Atypical antipsychotic - Treatment-resistant schizophrenia/acute confusional state (Parkinson's) - Weight gain/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/NMS/agranulocytosis/neutropenia/cardiomyopathy/increased risk of seizures
59
Quetiapine
- Atypical antipsychotic - Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder/acute confusional state (Parkinson's) - Weight gain/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/NMS
60
Aripiprazole
- Atypical antipsychotic - Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder - Weight gain/stroke and VTE risk (elderly)/NMS/generally good side effect profile
61
Lithium
- Mood stabiliser - Bipolar disorder/refractory depression/mania/hypomania/aggression and impulsivity - Lithium toxicity/hyperparathyroidism/hypercalcaemia/teratogenic/hypothyroidism - Lithium level/TFT/U&E monitoring
62
Salbutamol
- SABA - Asthma (reliever - short acting)/viral wheeze/COPD exacerbation/hyperkalaemia - Anxiety/tachycardia
63
Formoterol
- LABA - Asthma (reliever - long acting) - Tachycardia
64
Budesonide
- ICS - Asthma (preventer)/asthma (<5)/viral wheeze - Growth retardation
65
Beclomethasone
- ICS - Asthma (preventer)/asthma (<5)/viral wheeze - Growth retardation
66
Montelukast
- LTRA - Asthma/viral wheeze/chronic urticaria/aspirin-induced asthma - Nightmares
67
Salmeterol
- LABA - Asthma (reliever - longer acting)
68
Ipratropium
- SAMA - COPD/Asthma
69
Tiotropium
- SAMA - COPD/Asthma (longer acting)
70
Theophylline
- Methylxanthine - Asthma/COPD - Theophylline toxicity
71
Verapamil
- CCB - Angina/HTN/arrhythmia (SVT if asthmatic) - Heart block (if given with BB)/constipation/hypotension/bradycardia/flushing
72
Diltiazem
- CCB - Angina/HTN/AF - Hypotension/bradycardia/ankle swelling
73
Nifedipine
- CCB (dihydropyridine) - HTN/angina/Raynaud's - Ankle swelling/flushing/headache/reflex tachycardia (peripheral vasodilation)
74
Amlodipine
- CCB (dihydropyridine) - HTN/angina/Raynaud's - Ankle swelling/flushing/headache
75
Felodipine
- CCB (dihydropyridine) - HTN/angina/Raynaud's - Ankle swelling/flushing/headache
76
Candesartan
- ARB - HTN/renal disease - Hyperkalaemia
77
Losartan
- ARB - HTN/renal disease - Hyperkalaemia
78
Irbesartan
- ARB - HTN/renal disease - Hyperkalaemia
79
Ramipril
- ACEi - HTN/HF/diabetic nephropathy/IHD (secondary prevention) - Cough/hyperkalaemia/less effective in Afro-Caribbean patients/increased creatinine - U&E monitoring
80
Lisinopril
- ACEi - HTN/HF/diabetic nephropathy/IHD (secondary prevention) - Cough/hyperkalaemia/less effective in Afro-Caribbean patients/increased creatinine - U&E monitoring
81
Enalapril
- ACEi - HTN/HF/diabetic nephropathy/IHD (secondary prevention) - Cough/hyperkalaemia/less effective in Afro-Caribbean patients/increased creatinine - U&E monitoring
82
Propranolol
- BB - Angina/post MI/arrhythmia (AF)/HTN/thyrotoxicosis/migraine (prophylaxis)/anxiety/essential tremor - Bronchospasm/cold peripheries/ED/fatigue
83
Atenolol
- BB - Angina/post MI/arrhythmia (AF)/HTN/thyrotoxicosis/migraine (prophylaxis)/anxiety - Bronchospasm/cold peripheries/ED/fatigue
84
Bisoprolol
- BB - Angina/post MI/HF/arrhythmia (AF)/HTN/thyrotoxicosis/migraine (prophylaxis)/anxiety - Bronchospasm/cold peripheries/ED/fatigue
85
Furosemide
- Loop diuretic - Reduces NaCl absorption in ascending loop of Henley - HF/resistant HTN - Hyponatraemia/hypokalaemia/hypomagnesaemia/hypocalcaemia/hypochloraemic alkalosis
86
Bumetanide
- Loop diuretic - Reduces NaCl absorption in ascending loop of Henle - HF/resistant HTN - Hyponatraemia/hypokalaemia/hypomagnesaemia/hypocalcaemia/hypochloraemic alkalosis
87
Bendroflumethiazide
- Thiazide diuretic - Inhibit sodium reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule - HTN/HF (mild) - Hyponatraemia/hypokalaemia/hypercalcaemia/hypochloraemic alkalosis/postural HTN/dehydration
88
Indapamide
- Thiazide diuretic - Inhibit sodium reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule - HTN/HF (mild) - Hyponatraemia/hypokalaemia/hypercalcaemia/hypochloraemic alkalosis/postural HTN/dehydration
89
Spironolactone
- Aldosterone antagonist - Ascites/HF/nephrotic syndrome/Conn's syndrome - Hyperkalaemia/gynaecomastia
90
Atorvastatin
- Statin - Hypercholesterolaemia/CVD/10 year CVD risk >10% - Myopathy/liver impairment - LFT monitoring
91
Sumatriptan
- Triptan - Migraine (acute treatment) - Triptan sensations (tingling/heat/tightness/heaviness/pressure)
92
Omeprazole
- PPI - Block H+/K+ ATPase of gastric parietal cell - Hyponatraemia/hypomagnesaemia/osteoporosis/increased risk of C. diff infections
93
Lansoprazole
- PPI - Block H+/K+ ATPase of gastric parietal cell - Hyponatraemia/hypomagnesaemia/osteoporosis/increased risk of C. diff infections
94
Metformin
- Biguanide - Reduces hepatic production of glucose/decreases intestinal absorption glucose/enhances insulin sensitivity - T2DM
95
Dapagliflozin
- SGLT-2 inhibitor - Reduces glucose reabsorption/increases urinary glucose excretion - T2DM - Urinary and genital infection/normoglycaemia ketoacidosis/weight loss
96
Gliclazide
- Sulfonylurea - Stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin - T2DM - Hypoglycaemia/weight gain/hyponatraemia
97
Desmopressin
- Synthetic vasopressin/ADH - Nocturnal enuresis
98
Oxybutynin
- Anticholinergic/antimuscarinic - Urge incontinence
99
Mirabegron
- Beta-3 adrenergic agonist - Urge incontinence (frail elderly patients)
100
Methylphenidate
- CNS stimulant - Inhibits dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake - ADHD - Abdominal pain/nausea/dyspepsia/growth retardation - Monitor height/weight (6 months)
101
Donepezil
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Prevent acetylcholine being broken down - Alzheimer's/Lewy body dementia - Bradycardia (baseline ECG/PR)
102
Galantamine
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Prevent acetylcholine being broken down - Alzheimer's - Bradycardia (baseline ECG/PR)
103
Rivastigmine
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Prevent acetylcholine being broken down - Alzheimer's/Lewy body dementia - Bradycardia (baseline ECG/PR)
104
Memantine
- NMDA receptor antagonist - Blocks effects of glutamate - Alzheimer's (2nd line)/Lewy body dementia
105
Acamprosate
- Weak antagonist of NMDA receptors - Alcoholism = reduces cravings
106
Disulfiram
- Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - Alcoholism = causes unpleasant symptoms when drinking
107
Naltrexone
- Opioid receptor antagonist - Substance abuse = reduces pleasurable effects/relapse prevention
108
Naloxone
- Opiate antagonist - Opioid overdose
109
Lofexidine
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist - Opioid withdrawal = alleviate symptoms
110
Methadone
- Synthetic opioid - Full agonist of mu-opioid receptor - Opioid dependence = relieves withdrawal symptoms/cravings
111
Buprenorphine
- Synthetic opioid - Partial agonist of mu-opioid receptor/kappa-opioid antagonist - Opioid dependence = relives withdrawal symptoms/cravings
112
Pabrinex
- B vitamins including thiamine (B1) - Alcohol withdrawal/Wernicke's encephalopathy (prophylaxis/treatment)
113
Chlordiazepoxide
- Long-acting benzodiazepine - Alcohol detoxification
114
Acetylcysteine
- Mucolytic agent - Paracetamol overdose (staggered/8-24 hours after ingestion) - Anaphylactoid reaction (non-IgE mediated mast cell release)
115
Activated charcoal
- Paracetamol overdose (present within 1 hour)
116
Diazepam
- Benzodiazepine (longer acting) - Enhance GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- channels - Sedation/hypnotic/anxiolytic/anticonvulsant/muscle relaxant - Anxiety/mania/psychosis/alcohol withdrawal/insomnia/acute agitation and aggression/epilepsy/status epilepticus - Tolerance and addiction/respiratory and CNS depression/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
117
Lorazepam
- Benzodiazepine (shorter acting) - Enhance GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- channels - Sedation/hypnotic/anxiolytic/anticonvulsant/muscle relaxant - Anxiety/mania/psychosis/alcohol withdrawal/insomnia/acute agitation and aggression/epilepsy - Tolerance and addiction/respiratory and CNS depression/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
118
Clonazepam
- Benzodiazepine - Enhance GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- channels - Sedation/hypnotic/anxiolytic/anticonvulsant/muscle relaxant - Anxiety/mania/psychosis/alcohol withdrawal/insomnia/acute agitation and aggression/epilepsy - Tolerance and addiction/respiratory and CNS depression/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
119
Midazolam
- Benzodiazepine - Enhance GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- channels - Sedation/hypnotic/anxiolytic/anticonvulsant/muscle relaxant - Anxiety/mania/psychosis/alcohol withdrawal/insomnia/acute agitation and aggression/epilepsy/status epilepticus - Tolerance and addiction/respiratory and CNS depression/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
120
Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride
- Benzodiazepine - Enhance GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- channels - Sedation/hypnotic/anxiolytic/anticonvulsant/muscle relaxant - Anxiety/mania/psychosis/alcohol withdrawal/insomnia/acute agitation and aggression/epilepsy - Tolerance and addiction/respiratory and CNS depression/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
121
Phenobarbital
- Barbiturate - Enhance GABA by increasing duration of Cl- channel opening - Insomnia/epilepsy/status epilepticus/essential tremor
122
Primidone
- Barbiturate - Enhance GABA by increasing duration of Cl- channel opening - Epilepsy/essential tremor
123
Zopiclone
- Z drug (cyclopyrrolones) - Stimulate GABA receptor - Insomnia - Dependence
124
Zolpidem
- Z drug (imidazopyridines) - Stimulate GABA receptor - Insomnia - Dependence
125
Melatonin
- Insomnia (severe)
126
Promethazine
- Antihistamine - H1 inhibitor - Hyperemesis gravidarum/vestibular neuronitis/insomnia (severe) - Sedating
127
Chlorphenamine
- Antihistamine - H1 inhibitor - Allergic rhinitis/urticaria - Sedating
128
Cetirizine
- Antihistamine - H1 inhibitor - Allergic rhinitis/urticaria
129
Loratadine
- Antihistamine - H1 inhibitor - Allergic rhinitis/urticaria
130
Cyclizine
- Antihistamine - H1 inhibitor - N+V (palliative care)/hyperemesis gravidarum/motion sickness/vestibular neuronitis
131
Sulfasalazine
- DMARD - Suppresses lymphocyte/pro-inflammatory cytokines proliferation - RA/IBD/JIA/psoriatic arthritis - Oligospermia/Stevens-Johnson syndrome
132
Methotrexate
- DMARD - Inhibits purines/pyrimidine synthesis - Ectopic pregnancy/RA/JIA/reactive arthritis/psoriatic arthritis/psoriasis/ALL/IBD/sarcoidosis (2nd line)/SLE/vasculitis/uveitis - Myelosuppression/liver cirrhosis/teratogenic/folic acid deficiency - FBC/LFT/U&E monitoring
133
Azathioprine
- Immunosuppressant - IBD/Lambert-Eaton syndrome/myasthenic gravis/autoimmune hepatitis/ - BM depression/pancreatitis - FBC/LFT monitoring
134
Prednisolone
- Corticosteroid - Glucocorticoid effects with low mineralocorticoid effects - Croup/temporal arteritis/alcoholic hepatitis/Bell's palsy/COPD exacerbation/polymyalgia rheumatica/urticaria (severe)/Lambert-Eaton syndrome/myasthenia gravis/MS (acute relapse)/asthma/RA/ITP - Cushing's/immunosuppression/weight gain
135
Dexamethasone
- Corticosteroid - Glucocorticoid effects with minimal mineralocorticoid effects - Croup/meningitis/altitude related disorders/hiccups (palliative care)/thyroid storm/raised ICP/neoplastic spinal cord compression/N+V (chemotherapy) - Cushing's/immunosuppression/weight gain
136
Betamethasone
- Corticosteroid - Glucocorticoid effects with minimal mineralocorticoid effects - Eczema - Cushing's/immunosuppression/weight gain
137
Hydrocortisone
- Corticosteroid - Mineralocorticoid effects with glucocorticoid effects - Addison's/balanitis/bed bug (itch)/nappy rash (severe)/molluscum contagiosum/eczema/congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Cushing's/immunosuppression/weight gain
138
Fludrocortisone
- Corticosteroid - Mineralocorticoid effects with minimal glucocorticoid effects - Addison's/orthostatic hypotension/congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Cushing's/immunosuppression/weight gain
139
Dabigatran
- DOAC - Direct thrombin inhibitor - Stroke prevention in AF/VTE prophylaxis/DVT/PE
140
Rivaroxaban
- DOAC - Direct factor Xa inhibitor - Stroke prevention in AF/VTE prophylaxis/DVT/PE
141
Apixaban
- DOAC - Direct factor Xa inhibitor - Stroke prevention in AF/VTE prophylaxis/DVT/PE
142
Edoxaban
- DOAC - Direct factor Xa inhibitor - Stroke prevention in AF/VTE prophylaxis/DVT/PE
143
Fondaparinux
- Anticoagulant - sc - Inhibits factor Xa coagulation by activating antithrombin III - VTE prophylaxis/ACS
144
Warfarin
- Anticoagulant - Vitamin K antagonist - Stroke prevention in AF/VTE prophylaxis (2nd line) - Teratogenic/haemorrhage - INR monitoring (2.5)
145
Unfractionated heparin
- Anticoagulant (short acting) - Inhibits factors Xa, IXa, XIa and XIIa - VTE treatment and prophylaxis/ACS (where bleeding risk is high/renal failure) - Bleeding/thrombocytopenia/hyperkalaemia/osteoporosis - APTT monitoring
146
Low molecular weight heparin
- Anticoagulant (long acting) - Inhibits factor Xa coagulation by activating antithrombin III - VTE treatment and prophylaxis/ACS/AF - Bleeding/hyperkalaemia
147
Aspirin
- Antiplatelet - Inhibits prostaglandin/prostacycline/thromboxane synthesis by blocking cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 - IHD/kawasaki disease/ACS/PCI/pre-eclampsia (prophylaxis)/ischaemic stroke/TIA/tension headache/analgesia/pericarditis - Reye's syndrome (children)
148
Clopidogrel
- Antiplatelet (thienopyridine) - P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist = inhibits activation of platelets - TIA/ischaemic stroke/peripheral arterial disease/ACS
149
Ticagrelor
- Antiplatelet (thienopyridine) - P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist = inhibits activation of platelets - PCI/ACS/STEMI/TIA
150
Amiodarone
- Antiarrhythmic - Blocks potassium channels - Tachycardia (atrial/nodal/ventricular)/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/atrial flutter - Thyroid dysfunction/prolonged QT syndrome/bradycardia/hepatitis/pulmonary fibrosis - TFT/LFT/U&E/CXR monitoring
151
Adenosine
- Antiarrhythmic - Causes transient heart block in AV node/reduces cAMP - Supraventricular tachycardia - Chest painn/bronchospasm/transient flushing
152
Isoprenaline
- Non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor agonist - Bradycardia (2nd line)/heart block/prolonged QT syndrome
153
Magnesium Sulphate
- Anticonvulsant/electrolyte - Pre-eclampsia (severe)/eclampsia/torsades de pointes/acute asthma/hypomagnesaemia
154
Atropine
- Binds to and inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Bradycardia/3rd degree heart block/squint (eye drops)/anterior uveitis/organophosphate insecticide poisoning/BB overdose
155
Folic acid
- Vitamin B9 - Prevention of NTD during pregnancy/folate deficiency/macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia
156
Ibuprofen
- NSAIDs - PDA/analgesia/migraine/RA/renal colic/dysmenorrhoea/gout/pseudogout/pericarditis - Bronchospasm (asthmatics)/dyspepsia/peptic ulceration/sore throat
157
Mefenamic acid
- NSAIDs - Dysmenorrhoea/uterine fibroids/menorrhagia - Bronchospasm (asthmatics)/dyspepsia/peptic ulceration/sore throat
158
Diclofenac
- NSAID - Renal colic/actinic keratoses - Bronchospasm (asthmatics)/dyspepsia/peptic ulceration/sore throat/increased risk of cardiovascular events
159
Naproxen
- NSAIDs - RA/dysmenorrhoea/migraine/gout/pseudogout - Bronchospasm (asthmatics)/dyspepsia/peptic ulceration/sore throat
160
Indomethacin
- NSAIDs - PDA/paroxysmal hemicrania - Bronchospasm (asthmatics)/dyspepsia/peptic ulceration/sore throat/corneal opacities
161
Colchicine
- Gout/pseudogout (2nd line)/pericarditis
162
Allopurinol
- Xanthine oxidase inhibitor - Gout (prophylaxis)/tumour lysis syndrome - Dermatological effects (Stevens-Johnson syndrome/SCAR/DRESS)
163
Estradiol
- Natural oestrogen - HRT - Increased risk of endometrial cancer/stroke/IHD
164
Estrone
- Natural oestrogen - HRT - Increased risk of endometrial cancer/stroke/IHD
165
Conjugated oestrogen
- Natural oestrogen - HRT - Increased risk of endometrial cancer/stroke/IHD
166
Ethinylestradiol
- Synthetic oestrogen - Combined with a progestogen in COCP - Contraception/contraception (epilepsy - at least 30ug)/hirsutism (ethinylestradiol and drospirenone - Yasmin)/PMS (Yasmin) - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer/cervical cancer
167
Medroxyprogesterone
- Synthetic progestogen - HRT - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer
168
Norethisterone
- Synthetic progestogen - HRT - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer
169
Levonorgestrel
- Synthetic progestogen - Prevents endometrial proliferation and causes cervical mucous thickening - HRT/COCP/IUS/emergency contraception - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer/72 hour window (emergency contraception)
170
Drospirenon
- Synthetic progestogen - HRT/COCP (Yasmin)/hirsutism (Yasmin) - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer
171
Tibolone
- Synthetic compound with both oestrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic activity
172
Ulipristal
- Selective progesterone receptor modulator (EllaOne) - Inhibits ovulation - Emergency contraception - Reduces effectiveness of hormonal contraception (restart after 5 days)
173
Combined oral contraceptive pill
- - Inhibits ovulation/thickens cervical mucus/inhibits endometrial proliferation - Contraception/PMS/perimenopause/menopause/acne - Effective after 7 days - Increased risk of VTE/stroke/IHD/breast cancer/cervical cancer
174
Progestogen only pill
- Desogestrel - Inhibits ovulation/thickens cervical mucus - Contraception/contraception (risk of pregnancy) - Effective after 48 hours - Effective immediately (if started up to and including day 5 of cycle) - Effective immediately (if switching from COCP and continued directly from end of pill packet) - Can be started at any time postpartum - Can be continued beyond 50 - Irregular bleeding
175
Intrauterine system
- Levonorgestrel - Prevents endometrial proliferation and causes cervical mucous thickening - Contraception/menorrhagia/contraception (EIDs) - Effective after 7 days - Lasts 5 years - Can be inserted within 48 hours of birth or after 4 weeks - Can be continued beyond 50 - Infrequent uterine bleeding/spotting within first 6 months
176
Intrauterine device
- Copper - Decreases sperm motility and survival - Contraception/emergency contraception (within 5 days of unprotected sex/up to 5 days after likely ovulation date)/contraception (EIDs) - Effective immediately - Lasts 5 years (copper only on stem) - Lasts 10 years (copper on stem and arms) - Can be inserted within 48 hours of birth or after 4 weeks - Heavier/longer/more painful periods
177
Combined contraceptive patch
- Ethinylestradiol and norelgestromin (Evra patch) - Inhibit ovulation - Contraception - Worn every day for 3 weeks (change each week) and not worn for 4th week (withdrawal bleed) - Effective after 7 days - Effective immediately (if started between 1st-5th day of period) - Increased risk of VTE
178
Injectable contraceptive
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate 150mg (Depo Provera) - Inhibits ovulation/thickens cervical mucus/endometrial thinning - Contraception/contraception (EIDs)/contraception (>40) - Given every 3 months (lasts 12 weeks) - Effective after 7 days - Delayed return to fertility (12 months)/weight gain/irregular bleeding
179
Implantable contraceptive
- Etonogestrel (Nexplanon) - Inhibits ovulation/thickens cervical mucus - Contraception/contraception (pmhx VTE/migraine) - Effective after 7 days - Lasts 3 years - Can be inserted immediately following termination of pregnancy - Can be continued beyond 50 - Irregular/heavy bleeding (give co-prescription of COCP)
180
Clomifene
- Anti-oestrogen - Induces gonadotrophin release - Infertility in PCOS - Multiple pregnancies
181
Alendronate
- Bisphosphonate - Inhibit osteoclasts - Osteoporosis/hypercalcaemia/Paget's disease/pain from bone metastases - Oesophagitis/oesophageal ulcers/osteonecrosis of jaw
182
Risedronate
- Bisphosphonate - Inhibit osteoclasts - Osteoporosis/hypercalcaemia/Paget's disease/pain from bone metastases - Oesophagitis/oesophageal ulcers/osteonecrosis of jaw
183
Zoledronate
- Bisphosphonate - Inhibit osteoclasts - Osteoporosis/hypercalcaemia/Paget's disease/pain from bone metastases/hip fracture (IV) - Oesophagitis/oesophageal ulcers/osteonecrosis of jaw
184
Denosumab
- Monoclonal antibody - Inhibits osteoclast formation/function/survival - Osteoporosis
185
Tamsulosin
- Alpha blocker - BPH/HTN - Postural hypotension/drowsiness/dyspnoea/cough
186
Doxazosin
- Alpha blocker - BPH/HTN - Postural hypotension/drowsiness/dyspnoea/cough
187
Finasteride
- 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor - Blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which induces BPH - BPH/male-pattern baldness - Impotence/decreased libido/ejaculation disorders/gynaecomastia/breast tenderness/decreased levels of serum PSA
188
Codeine
- Weak opioid - Mild to moderate pain - Bradycardia
189
Morphine
- Opioid - Pain - Tolerance/N+V/constipation/respiratory depression
190
Fentanyl
- Synthetic opioid (often transdermal) - Pain - Tolerance/N+V/constipation - Safe in renal failure
191
Pethidine
- Synthetic opioid (10% potency of morphine) - Pain - Toxic metabolite cleared by kidney (accumulates in renal failure) = muscle twitching/convulsions
192
Paracetamol
- Non opioid analgesic - Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis - Minor pain/pyrexia - Hepatotoxicity in overdosage
193
Levothyroxine
- Synthetic T4 - Hypothyroidism - Hyperthyroidism/reduced BMD/worsening angina/AF
194
Bromocriptine
- Dopamine agonist - Mimics dopamine in basal ganglia to stimulate dopamine receptors - Parkinson's/prolactinoma/galactorrhoea/cyclical breast disease/acromegaly - Hallucinations/postural hypotension
195
Cabergoline
- Dopamine agonist - Mimics dopamine in basal ganglia to stimulate dopamine receptors - Parkinson's/prolactinoma/galactorrhoea/cyclical breast disease/acromegaly - Hallucinations/postural hypotension
196
Levodopa
- Synthetic dopamine - Parkinson's disease - Dyskinesia/postural hypotension/arrhythmias/red discolouration of urine
197
Carbidopa
- Decarboxylase inhibitor - Combined with levodopa to prevent peripheral metabolism - Parkinson's
198
Benserazide
- Decarboxylase inhibitor - Combined with levodopa to prevent peripheral metabolism - Parkinson's
199
Mebeverine (buscopan)
200
Hyoscine Butylbromide
201
Tramadol
202
Fosfomycin
203
Topiramate
- Anticonvulsant - Epilepsy/migraine prophylaxis - Teratogenic
204

Phase 3a (21 decks)

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