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HLSD > Early physical, personality, and social development > Flashcards

Early physical, personality, and social development Flashcards

1
Q

general risk factors affecting prenatal development?

A
  • nutrition
  • stress
  • mother’s age
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2
Q

how does nutrition affect prenatal development?

A
  • inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight
  • lack of folic acid may increase risk of spina bifida
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3
Q

how does stress affect prenatal development?

A

-studies show extreme maternal stress is associated with low birth weight and premature births

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4
Q

how does mother’s age affect prenatal development?

A
  • older mothers are more likely to have difficulty getting pregnancy, miscarriages and stillbirths
  • nearly 50% of pregnancies among women in their 40’s and 50’s result in miscarriages
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5
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

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6
Q

thalidomide?

A

sleeping tablet and powerful teratogen that led to thousands of babies with deformed limbs and digits in the late 1950’s

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7
Q

what is babinski reflex?

A
  • a baby’s toes fan out when foot is stroked from head to toe
  • perhaps a remnant of evolution
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8
Q

blink reflex?

A
  • baby’s eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise
  • protects the eyes
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9
Q

moro reflex?

A
  • a baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise of when its head falls
  • may help a baby cling to its mother
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10
Q

palmar?

A
  • a baby grasps an object places in the palm of its hand?

- precursor to voluntary walking

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11
Q

rooting?

A
  • when a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth
  • helps a baby find the nipple
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12
Q

stepping?

A
  • a baby who is held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically?
  • precursor to voluntary walking
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13
Q

sucking?

A
  • a baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth?

- permits feeding

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14
Q

withdrawal?

A
  • a baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin?
  • protects a baby from unpleasant stimulation
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15
Q

Apgar index?

A
  • Appearance (skin tone)
  • Pulse (heart rate)
  • Grimace (reflexes)
  • Activity (muscle tone)
  • Respiration (breathing effort)
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16
Q

what is the apgar index scored from?

A

0 to 2

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17
Q

what are the different ratings for apgar?

A
  • good physical condition (7+)
  • needs special attention (4-6)
  • life-threatening (total of 3 or less)
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18
Q

4 systems in neonatal behavioural assessment scale (NBAS)?

A
  1. autonomic: body regulation (e.g. breathing)
  2. motor: activity level and control of body
  3. state: maintaining states (e.g. alertness)
  4. social: interacting with people
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19
Q

the newborn’s states?

A
  • alert inactivity
  • walking activity
  • crying
  • sleeping
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20
Q

what is alert inactivity?

A

-calm, still, eyes open, inspecting environment

21
Q

what is walking activity?

A

-eyes open, but unfocussed, uncoordinated motion

22
Q

basic cry?

A

starts softly and builds volume and intensity. often seen when the child is hungry or tired

23
Q

mad cry?

A

more intense and louder

24
Q

pain cry?

A

starts with a loud wail, followed by long pause then gasping

25
Q

how much do newborns sleep?

A

16-18 hrs a day

26
Q

newborn sleep cycle?

A

4 hour cycle 3 hours sleep and 1 hour awake

27
Q

sleep cycle by 3 to 4 months?

A

5-6 hour cycle

28
Q

sleep cycle by 6 months?

A

10-12 hours at night

29
Q

temperament?

A

consistent cycles or patterns of infant behaviour?

30
Q

rothbart’s 3 dimensions indicate how much a child…?

A
  • is generally happy, active, vocal, and seeks stimulation (surgency/extroversion)
  • is angry, fearful, frustrates, shy, and not easily soothed (negative effect)
  • focuses attention, is not easily distracted, and can inhibit impulses (effortful control)
31
Q

when is growth more rapid?

A

in infancy than during any other period after birth

32
Q

what happens to weight by 3 months?

A

infants double their weight

33
Q

what happens to weight by 1 year?

A

infants triple their weight

34
Q

what is dynamic systems theory?

A

the idea that motor development involves many distinct skills that are organised over time to meet demands of specific tasks

35
Q

infants posture?

A

infants are top heavy and easily lose their balance

36
Q

what is differentiation?

A

mastery of component skills

37
Q

what is integration?

A

combining them in sequence to accomplish the task

38
Q

what are infants fine motor skills like at 4 months?

A

clumsily reach for objects

39
Q

what are infants fine motor skills like at 5 months?

A

co-ordinate movement of the 2 hands

40
Q

what are infants fine motor skills like at 2-3 yrs?

A

children can use zipper’s but not buttons

41
Q

when do infants learn how to tie shoes?

A

around 6 years

42
Q

what is preference affected by?

A

heredity but environment influence it too

43
Q

what is perception?

A

brain processes receiving, selecting, modifying, and organising sensory inputs

44
Q

newborns and odours?

A

they distinguish pleasant from unpleasant, or familiar from

45
Q

newborns and taste?

A

they differentiate among salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and changes in mother’s breast milk

46
Q

how do we know infants are sensitive to sound?

A

startle reactions

47
Q

when do infants distinguish between different pitches as well as adults?

A

6 months

48
Q

when can infants use sound to locate direction and distance?

A

7 months

49
Q

when is infant’s colour perception same as adults?

A

3 months

HLSD (7 decks)

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