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Oncology AM > Electrolyte imbalance > Flashcards

Electrolyte imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroid

Malignancy

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2
Q

What causes hypercalcaemia in malignancy?

A

Either parathyroid secreting tumours or bone mets

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3
Q

What are the most common cancers that hypercalcaemia is seen in?

A

Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Lung

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4
Q

What are the features of hypercalcaemia?

A 
Lethargy, malaise
Weakness
Polyuria, polydipsia
Constipation 
Kidney stones
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5
Q

What is the management of hypercalcaemia?

A

Aggressive rehydration
Bisphosphonates
Furosemide
Steroids

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6
Q

What are the common causes of hypocalcaemia?

A

Hypoparathyroid
CKD
Low vit D

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7
Q

What are the features of hypocalcaemia?

A

Tetany- twitching, cramping, spasms
Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s
Confusion, seizures

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8
Q

What is the management of hypocalcaemia?

A

Calcium and vit D

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9
Q

What are common causes of hypernatraemia?

A

Fluid loss e.g. burns, vomiting
Excessive fluid replacement with 0.9% NaCl
Hypersmolar hyperglycaemic state

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10
Q

What are the causes of hyponatraemia in a dehydrated patient?

A 
Diuretic excess
Renal fai;ure 
Pseudo-hyponatraemia 
GI loss e.g. D&V 
Addison's
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11
Q

What are the causes of hyponatraemia in a well hydrated patient?

A 
SIADH 
Congestive heart failure 
Cirrhosis
CKD
Alcohol excess
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12
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

Spurious e.g. excessive intake
Decreased excretion- AKI with oliguria, CKD, Addison’s, drugs
Redistribution- acidosis

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13
Q

What drugs are associated wth hyperkalaemia?

A

Spironolactone
ACEi
NSAIDs

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14
Q

What are the ECG features in hyperkalaemia?

A

Tall tented T waves
Small P
Long PR
Wide QRS

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15
Q

What is the management of hyperkalaemia?

A

IV calcium gluconate- stabilise myocardium

IV insulin dextrose and salbutamol- shift intracellularly

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16
Q

What causes hypokalaemia?

A

Decreased intake- rare except in parenteral
Increased excretion- severe D&V. thiazides, loop diuretics
Redistribution into cells- metabolic alkalosis, insulin, salbutamol

Oncology AM (6 decks)

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