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MABS Embryology > Embryology Anomalies------------------------- > Flashcards

Embryology Anomalies------------------------- Flashcards

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1
Q

when an embryo implants somewhere other than the uterine lining&raquo_space; first sign typically abdominal pain during early pregnancy

A

ectopic pregnancy

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2
Q

pregnancy that is due to scarring of uterine tubules, surgery indicated if oviduct in danger of bursting or implantation occurring near a major blood vessel

A

tubal pregnancy

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3
Q

a type of ectopic pregnancy that often results in normal births via surgery due to maternal hemorrhaging

A

intra abdominal pregnancies

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4
Q

when remnants of the primitive streak persist and proliferate

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

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5
Q

disorganized proliferating chorion (placenta) resulting from an abnomal pregnancy

A

hydatidiform mole

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6
Q

triploid
fetus present but not viable
very low malignancy potential

A

partial hydatidiform

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7
Q

46 chromosomes, all of paternal origin
no fetus present
potential invasiveness and even metastatic malignancy

A

complete hydatidiform

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8
Q

irregular menstrual cycles

A

oligomenorrhea

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9
Q

villa penetrate into myometrium (muscle layer of uterus)

A

placenta accreta

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10
Q

full thickness of myometrium

A

placenta percreta

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11
Q

placenta covers internal uterine os&raquo_space; bleeding during 3rd trimester and Cesarean section required

A

placenta previa

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12
Q

due to umbilical vessels being longer the cord itself

A

false knots

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13
Q

inserts at edge of placenta

A

battledore placenta

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14
Q

inserts into fetal membranes with vessels then transversing between amnion and chorion&raquo_space; easily torn

A

velamentous insertion

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15
Q

result from tears in the amnion&raquo_space; origin most likely infection or toxic insult

can encircle head or extremities&raquo_space; amputations, ring constrictions or craniofacial abnormalities

A

amniotic bands

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16
Q

excessive amniotic fluid&raquo_space; can be due to multiple causes

inability to swallow

maternal diabetes

idiopathic

A

polyhydramnios

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17
Q

too little amniotic fluid

placental insufficiency

compression of fetus

A

oligohydramnios

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18
Q

results in pulmonary hypoplasia

occurs posterolaterally allowing abdominal contents to enter thoracic cavity

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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19
Q

children have behavioral and learning difficulties&raquo_space; caused by moderate consumption or 1-2 binges

A

fetal alcohol effects

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20
Q

growth, physical and mental anomalies associated with children who mother was a chronic alcoholic during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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21
Q

constricts uterine blood vessels

A

nicotine

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22
Q

maternal consumption believed to be most common cause of mental deficiency&raquo_space; more pronounced effects if poor nutrition also a factor

A

alcohol

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23
Q

cause masculinization of female fetuses

A

androgens

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24
Q

component of birth control pills and to this syndrome

A

progesterone

VACTERL
vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheal, esophageal, renal and limb anomalies

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25
Q

genital tract anomalies in both sexes and increased incidence of adenocarcinoma of the vagina later within the child

A

diethylstilbesreol

26
Q

yellowing of teeth, low enamel deposition and diminished growth of long bones

A

tetracycline

27
Q

handful of cases reporting 8th cranial nerve damage

A

streptomycin

28
Q

causes meromelia

utilized as to treat morning sickness

A

thalidomide

29
Q

causes mental retardation and motor dysfunctions

most commonly obtained through fish and seafood

A

mercury

30
Q

causes increased miscarriage, multiple anomalies, IUGR and functional deficits

maternal exposure to sub-clinical levels can cause neurobehavioral and psychomotor disturbances

most common source is dust or chips from paints used prior to 1978&raquo_space; many other potential sources as well

A

lead

31
Q

produce IUGR and skin discoloration

coolant/insulator used until 1979&raquo_space; persists in environment and accumulates in sports fish

A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

32
Q

interferes with eye and/or ear development

A

rubella (German measles)

33
Q

highly endogenous virus

usually asymptomatic in mothers, but can be lethal in infants or produce mental retardation

A

cytomegalovirus

34
Q

asymptomatic in mother, but affects CNS in infants

obtained from raw meats and the feces of domesticated animals, particularly cats

A

Toxoplasma gondii

35
Q

evidence for low teratogenic potential

A

herpes simplex, syphilis, varicella and HIV

36
Q

maternal infection with pyrogenic viruses

A

hyperthermia

37
Q

a cause of birth defects – high does rapidly kills proliferating cells&raquo_space; also a mutagen

A

radiation

38
Q

poorly controlled diabetic mother 3-4X greater risk of birth defects, plus higher incidence of stillbirths, neonatal deaths and macrosomia

A

diabetes

39
Q

high serum phenylalanine teratogenic for mental retardation, microcephaly and heart defects

teratogenicity alleviated by mother maintaining a low phenylalanine diet

A

phenylketouria

40
Q

animal studies link several vitamin and mineral deficiencies to birth defects, but only two widely accepted for humans

A

nutritional deficiencies

41
Q

leads to congenital cretinism&raquo_space; results in retarded growth and brain development

A

iodine deficiency

42
Q

leads to neural tube disorders

A

folate deficiency

43
Q

failure of recanalization leads to…

A

stenosis

44
Q

narrowing of lumen

A

stenosis

45
Q

lack of lumen

A

atresia

46
Q

typically due to loss of blood supply to portion of an organ

A

atresia

47
Q

intestines remain herniated into umbilical cord at birth

A

omphalocele

48
Q

umbilicus does not properly close&raquo_space; abdominal contents herniate upon increased abdominal pressure

A

umbilical hernia

49
Q

incomplete closure of lateral folds resulting in protrusion of viscera

A

gastroshisis

50
Q

results in small intestine on right and entire colon on left&raquo_space; fairly common

A

nonrotation

51
Q

results in appendix located near liver

A

subhepatic cecum

52
Q

small intestine wrapped in a hernia-like mesentery sac

A

internal hernia

53
Q

twisting of intestines&raquo_space; creates obstruction

A

volvulus

54
Q

cause constriction of artery (loss of blood supply&raquo_space; gangrene) or cause artery to be anterior to intestine (compress on intestine causing obstruction)

A

mal-rotations

55
Q

proximal omphaloenteric duct fails to degenerate, leaving a blind-ends pouch&raquo_space; can become inflamed and mimic appendicitis

A

Meckel’s diverticulum (ileal diverticulum)

56
Q

produces umbilicus that is open to ileum&raquo_space; allows release of digestive material

A

omphaloenteric fistula

57
Q

can become infected&raquo_space; painful with possible drainage through umbilicus

A

omphaloenteric cysts

58
Q

can allow blood bleeding through umbilicus

A

persistent fibrous cord with vitelline artery

59
Q

urethra, vagina and rectum empty into a single vestibule

A

persistent cloaca

60
Q

anal canal ends blindly, or forms fistula with vagina or urethra

A

anal agenesis, with or without fistula

61
Q

anus exists anterior to anal pit

A

anoperitoneal fistula

62
Q

use of exogenous surfactant

maternal administration of glucocorticoids accelerates surfactant production

premature infants lack surfactant and cannot ventilate properly

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

MABS Embryology (17 decks)

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