Embryology Lecture 3 - Early Embryonic Development 3 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Embryology Lecture 3 - Early Embryonic Development 3 Deck (18)
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1
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Notochord in the mesoderm directs the conversion of overlying ectoderm to neuroectoderm

Notochord signals the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the key shaped neural plate

The edges of the neural plate elevate out of the plate of the ectoderm and curl towards each other, creating the neural tube

2
Q

What are somites and how do they develop?

How many somites are there at the end of their development and what is the significance of this?

A

Somites are segments of paraxial (either side of axis) mesoderm.

The first pair forms on day 20 in the occipital region. MOre then appear in craniocaudal sequence at a rate of 3 pairs a day

There are 42-44 pairs by the end of week 5

Some then dissapear, leaving 31 pairs in total that correspond to the 31 pairs of spinal nerves/levels

3
Q

What is the significance of the organisation of the somites?

A

The organisation of the mesoderm into somites gives rise to repeating structures

E.g. Vertebae, ribs, intercostal muscles

This guides innervation

4
Q

Label this diagram

A

Top figure:

Mesoderm

Bottom figure:

Labels from top right clockwise:

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm

Somatic mesoderm

Interaembryonic coelom

Splanchnic mesoderm

5
Q

Describe the formation of the Coelom

A

When mesoderm differentiates the intraembryonic coelom is formed

When the embryo undergoes lateral folding the lateral branches of the mesoderm connect to form the coelom within (the intraembryonic coelom join)

6
Q

What is derived from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Axial skeleton (vertebral column and ribs)

Dermis

Muscles of the axial body wall

Some limb muscles

7
Q

What is derived from the somatic mesoderm?

A

Connective tissues of the limbs

Connective tissues of the axial body wall

8
Q

What is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Smooth musculature

Connective tissues and vasculature of the gut

9
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital system

E.g. Kidneys, ureters, gonads

10
Q

Describe the differentiation of somites into the dermomyotome and sclerotome

A
  1. Somites appear as regular blocks of mesoderm arranged around a small cavity.
  2. This is followed by organised degeneration of the ventral wall of the somite, which breaks down to form the sclerotome.
  3. Further organisation of the dorsal portion forms the dermomyotome.
  4. Myotome proliferates and migrates. Dermatome disperses.
11
Q

What 3 structures arise from the somites and what is derived from these structures?

A

Dermatome - Skin

Myotome - Muscle

Sclerotome - Bones

These are the functional precursors of the musculo-skeletal system

12
Q

Label this diagram

What process it showing?

A

Top left figure, from top clockwise:

Neural tube

Notochord

Somite

Top right figure:

Sclerosome

Bottom left figure, left to right:

Dermomyotome

Sclerotome

Bottom right figure, top to bottom:

Dermatome

Myotome

Showing the differentiation of somites into dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes

13
Q

What is the differnece between the develpomental and clinical definitions of ‘dermatome’?

A

Developmentally:

For a given segment, a dermatome is a part of a somite that gives rise to the dermis

Clinically:

A dermatome is a strip of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. Can be examined clinically

14
Q

What’s the difference between the developmental and clinical definitions of ‘Myotome’?

A

Developmentally:

The mytome is part of a somite that gives rise to muscles

Clinically:

The muyotome is a muscle/muscle group supplied by a single spinal nerve. Can be examined clinically

15
Q

What nerves are derived from the neural tube?

A

Neural tube produces the nerves that innervate the dermomyotome

16
Q

Describe the formation of the head/tail fold

Describe the movement of key structures in the embryo that occurs during this folding

Along what othe axes does folding occur?

A

Cephalocaudal folding occurs

Heart lies at the cranial end and moves inward until it lies in the future chest

The yolk sac extends out of the embryo to form a connection between the yolk sac and the gut

There is also lateral folding

17
Q

What is the result of embryo folding?

A

Achieves 3D structure

Creates the ventral body wall

Pulls the amniotic membrane around the disk so the embryo becomes suspended in the amniotic sac

Pulls the connecting stalk ventrally

Lateral folding creates a new cavity within the embryo, the coelom

18
Q

What three major processes occur during week 4 of development?

A

Neurulation

Organisation of the mesoderm E.g. Somite formation/segmentation

Embryonic folding

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