EMT 244 review Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What are the different toxidromes? (CASH SOS)
A
Cholinergic
Anticholinergic
Hallucinogenic
Sympathomimetic
Sedative-hypnotic
Opioid
Serotonin
2
Q
What is a maladaptive behavior?
A
Any behavior that interferes with a person’s activities, ability to participate, or ability to adjust.
3
Q
What is substance use disorder?
A
A syndrome that causes significant distress or impairment in daily lives.
4
Q
What is dependence?
A
Compulsion to use a substance to experience its effects.
5
Q
What is tolerance?
A
A physiologic response that requires a dosage to be increased to produce the same effect.
6
Q
What is withdrawal?
A
Physiologic response that occurs after someone stops or reduces the use of a dependent substance.
7
Q
How does chlorine gas affect the body?
A
Lacrimation
Sore throat
Stridor
Tracheobronchitis
Pulmonary edema
8
Q
What does lead poisoning do to the body? (PCSD)
A
Paralysis
Coma
Seizures
Death
9
Q
List the neurocognitive disorders.
A
Delirium
Dementia
10
Q
List the neurodevelopmental disorders.
A
Autism spectrum disorder
Schizophrenia
11
Q
Chain of transmission
A
Pathogenic agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Host susceptibility
12
Q
List the stages of infectious disease.
A
Latent period
Incubation period
Communicability period
Disease period
13
Q
Latent period
A
Infection has occurred, but agent cannot be passed to others or cause significant symptoms
14
Q
Incubation period
A
Time from entry of the pathogen and onset of illness
15
Q
Communicability period
A
Follow the latent period and lasts as long as the agent is present and can spread to other hosts
16
Q
Disease period
A
Follow the incubation period, symptoms arise from organism or body’s response to disease
17
Q
What is mononucleosis?
A
Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
Spreads by oropharyngeal route and saliva
Causes fever, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly
18
Q
What are lice?
A
Small, wingless insects. Can be pubis (genital), capitis (head), or corporis (body)
19
Q
Lice life cycle
A
Eggs - 7-10 days
Nymph - 7-13 days
Egg-to-egg - 3 weeks
20
Q
What are scabies?
A
Small, wingless insect that burrows into the epidermis of its host
21
Q
Stages of the inflammatory response
A
Cellular response to injury
Vascular response to injury
Phagocytosis
22
Q
Cellular response to injury
A
Injury damages cell’s metabolism and decreases energy reserves. Sodium accumulates and lyses the cell
23
Q
Vascular response to injury
A
Hyperemia produces edema. Leukocytes collect in the vessels and attract more leukocytes through chemotactic factors
24
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Leukocytes engulf, digest, and destroy pathogens
25
Difference between antigens and allergens
Antigen - have marker molecules that identify them as foreign
Allergen - substances (maybe antigens) that cause an allergic reaction
26
STI vs STD
STI is acute, STD is chronic
27
Routes of poisoning
Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Absorption
28
Lyme disease
Red dot
"Bulls-eye" red rash
I - Fever, lethargy, muscle pain
II Cardiac abnormalities, neurologic effects
III - Arthritis
29
Pneumonia vs influenza
Pneumonia - acute inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli
Influenza - A, B, or C. Rapidly mutates. May lead to pneumonia
30
What is anemia?
Condition in which hemoglobin or erythrocytes is lower than normal
-Iron-deficiency
-Hemolytic
31
Iron-deficiency anemia
Lack of iron prevents bone marrow from making enough hemoglobin for RBCs
32
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency prevents body from making adequate number of RBCs.
33
Hemolytic anemia
Premature destruction of RBCs (hemolysis)
34
RBCs
Most abundant cell in body
Produced in bone marrow
Life span of 120 days
Contain 270 million hemoglobin molecules
35
WBCs
Destroy foreign substances
-Monocytes: 5% of total
-Lymphocytes: 27.5% total
-Neutrophils: 65%
-Eosinophils/basophils: 2.5%
36
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Small, sticky fragments of megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells)
Swarm to vessel injuries and change into irregular shapes to plug leaks
37
Lymphocytes
WBCs formed in lymphoid tissue
38
Activated charcoal indications
Carbamazepine
Dapsone
Anticholinergics
Opioids
Phenobarbital
Quinine
Sustained-release drugs
Theophylline
Drug packets
39
Activated charcoal contras
Cyanide
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Ferrous sulfate
Lithium
Mineral acid ingestion
Strong acids
Strong alkalis
40
Hantavirus - how is it spread and what are the sx
spread through fecal matter of rodents
sx: fever, chills, GI upset, respiratory distress/shock
41
Lice/scabies can act as what method of transfer
Vector
42
What makes up blood?
Plasma proteins 55%, formed elements (RBCs 45% and WBCs 1%)
43
What are the three components of plasma proteins?
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
44
Albumin responsible for
Osmotic pressure
45
Globulin responsible for
Transportation
46
Fibrinogen responsible for
Clotting
47
RBCs (erythrocytes) serve what purpose and last how long?
carry oxygen, last 80-120 days
48
What is the waste product of blood?
Bilirubin
49
What recycles RBCs?
Liver, spleen, and bone marrow
50
What are WBCs called and what are they responsible for?
Leukocytes - responsible for humoral immunity
51
What are neutrophils responsible for?
Inflammation
52
What are Eosinophils responsible for
B cell mediated defense
53
Basophils are responsible for
responses to allergic reactions - work with mast cells
54
Platelets are also called thrombocytes - what are they responsible for?
Clot formation
55
hemophilia is what
dysfunction of factor 8/9 which prevents clotting cascade
56
Hodkin's lymphoma sx
Painless, swollen lymph nodes, night sweats/chills
57
non-Hodkin's lymphoma sx
abd pain, GI bleeding
58
What is Polythycemia and what causes it
too many RBC's, may be caused by emphayma, dehydration, hypoxia, and testosterone - treat by getting/draining of blood
59
What is low in Hemophilia A and how do you treat it?
Factor 8 - treat with Factorate
60
What is low in Hemophilia B and how do you treat it?
factor 9 - treat with Konyne
61
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
62
Define poison
any substance that produces harmful physiologic or psychological effects
63
Toxic syndrome (toxidrome) is defined as
group of symptoms associated with a toxin
64
Two highly toxic compounds that can be absorbed through the skin
Organophosphates, Carbamates
65
Classifications of asphyxiants and examples
Simple - displaces or lowers amount of oxygen in the air such as Methane or C02
Chemical - local and pulmonary reactions (difficulty breathing) when inhaled such as C0 or Cyanide
Irritants/corrosives - cause cellular destruction/inflammation like Chlorine and Ammonia (will see pulmonary edema)
66
What will you give for suspected Cyanide poisoning (such as fires)
hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
67
Digitalis/Digoxin is classified as what
Cardiac glycocide
68
Organophosphate poisoning will cause the sx sludgem, what does sludgem stand for?
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI distress
Emesis
Miosis (constricted pupils)
69
Organophosphates inhibit what?
Acetylcholine through a cholinergic reaction
70
Belladona is what class of medication
anti-cholinergic
71
Cyanide is classified as what type of asphyxiant
chemical - stops ATP production (oxidative phosphorylation)
72
How do you treat CO poisoning
Oxygen, Fluids, transport to a hospital with a hyperbaric chamber
73
Ticks and scabies can both be classified as what
Parasite
74
Acid exposure causes what type of damage to the body
coagulation necrosis
75
Acid exposure causes what type of damage to the body
liquification necrosis
76
Most toxic agent from food poisoning
Botulism
77
breakdown of muscles is called
Rhabdomyolesis
78
Atrophy is defined as
breakdown of muscles
79
Myalgia is defined as
soreness from overuse of muscles
80
What happens to your kidneys during rhabdomyolysis?
Myoglobin (which is a waste product of protein of muscles) gets trapped in kidneys
81
Cdiff, Mersa, and CRE are considered what
antibiotic resistant
82
Cdiff, Mersa, CRE destroy what in your body
Good bacteria (called Flora)
83
Stage of a disease in which the disease sits in your body without affect
Latency period
84
Stage of disease in which it can spread
Communicability period
85
Stage of disease with covert or overt sx
Disease stage
86
what are the sx of TB
Blood-tinged sputum, fever, chills, requires 3-4 drug regiment
87
medications that end with Vir are given for what
Viral infections, they are anti virals
88
Shingles causes painful inflammation of what
Dermatomes
89
What are the common causes of Meningitis
Bacterial and Viral
90
What sx will you see with Meningitis
maculopapular/pepuric rash, fever, chills
91
Virulence is defined as
Strength of a virus
92
What is methadone
low dose opiate for drug withdrawal
93
What sx will you see from alcohol withdrawals
Delirium tremors (which starts 2-3 days after stopping alcohol), fever, chills, agitation, GI upset, seizures
94
Toxidrome of Narcotics
pinpoint pupils, resp depression, bradycardia
95
toxidromes of stimulants
dilated pupils, tachycardia, tachypnea
96
what are the sx of hepatitis
Jaundice, localized RUQ pain, dark urine
97
what system does tetanus affect
nervous system
98
continual muscle contractions are called what
Tetany
99
Candida is what and what does it cause
Yeast/fungal infection - causes an imbalance of natural flora
100
How would you decon someone covered with a powdered chemical
- wipe
-hose
-change clothes
101
what common benzodiazepine is used for sexual assault
Rohypnol (roofies)
102
What is MRSA?
A type of staph bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, especially beta-lactams like methicillin.
## Footnote
Signs/Symptoms include red, swollen, painful skin lesions, pus or drainage, fever, and possible sepsis in advanced stages.
103
What are the signs and symptoms of Ingestion Poisoning?
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, altered mental status, seizures.
## Footnote
Treatment includes ABCs, considering activated charcoal, contacting Poison Control, IV access, and transport.
104
Define delirium.
Acute, reversible confusion with fluctuating consciousness.
105
What is dementia?
Chronic, progressive decline in cognitive function.
106
What is a delusion?
False belief resistant to logic/reason.
107
What is the definition of Bone Marrow?
Soft tissue inside bones producing blood cells.
108
What are the clinical manifestations of Bone Marrow suppression?
Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.
## Footnote
Signs/Symptoms include fatigue, infection, and bleeding/bruising.
109
What is Lidocaine used for?
Ventricular arrhythmias (VF/VT), local anesthesia.
110
What is the formula for medication dosage calculations?
D/H × Q = amount to administer.
111
What are the methods of decontamination?
Dry brushing, irrigation, removal of clothing.
112
What are common rhythms in ECG analysis?
Sinus bradycardia, VTach, VFib, SVT, asystole, PEA.
113
What are the effects of marijuana?
Euphoria, altered perception, increased appetite, tachycardia, impaired coordination.
114
What is the definition of infectious diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites).
115
What are the signs and symptoms of beta blocker overdose?
Bradycardia, hypotension, altered mental status, hypoglycemia.
116
What causes mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus.
117
What are the types of gangrene?
Dry, Wet, Gas.
118
What are the signs and symptoms of a heroin overdose?
Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, unconsciousness.
119
What are the symptoms of cocaine overdose?
Agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, seizures.
120
What is humoral immunity?
Immune response mediated by B cells and antibodies.
121
What is the function of Poison Control?
Provide treatment protocols for toxic exposures.
122
What are the signs and symptoms of influenza?
Fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue.
123
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count.
124
What is the cause of scabies?
Mite infestation.
125
What does the SLUDGE mnemonic stand for?
S: Salivation, L: Lacrimation, U: Urination, D: Diarrhea, G: GI upset, E: Emesis.
126
What is the universal blood donor type?
O negative blood type.
127
What is Lyme disease caused by?
Borrelia burgdorferi (tick-borne).
128
What is the definition of anemia?
Reduced RBCs or hemoglobin.
129
What are the symptoms of ammonia inhalation?
Coughing, burning eyes/nose/throat, pulmonary edema.
130
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
Fever, neck stiffness, photophobia, AMS.
131
What causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani.
132
What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Headache, dizziness, confusion, cherry red skin (late).
133
What are the signs and symptoms of lice infestation?
Itching scalp/body, visible nits/lice.
134
What are the signs and symptoms of rabies?
Fever, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis.
135
What is leukemia?
Cancer of blood-forming tissues.
136
What is the route for injection poisoning?
IV/IM/SC injection.
137
What is the difference between communicable and infectious diseases?
Communicable: Can be transmitted person-to-person; Infectious: Caused by pathogens (not always communicable).
138
What is Factor VIII used for?
Clotting factor missing in Hemophilia A.
139
What is the normal hematocrit range for men?
~42–52%.
140
What is Fomepizole used for?
Methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.
