Endo S Flashcards by Mary Jane Inocencio

Second messenger system of the body

endocrine system

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Endocrine system use ___ that are released into the blood

chemical messages (hormones)

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Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

endocrine system

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produced by specialized cells

Hormones

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control several major
processes

Hormones

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Hormones control several major
processes (5)

Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism

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Hormones are produced by

specialized cells

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Cells secrete hormones into

extracellular fluids

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Blood transfers hormones to

target sites

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regulate the activity of
other cells

hormones

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Amino acid based hormones (3)

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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Steroids made from

cholesterol

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Prostaglandins made from highly

active lipids

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made from highly active lipids

Prostaglandins

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made from cholesterol

Steroids

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transfers hormones to target sites

Blood

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Hormones affect only (2)

certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs)

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binding influences the working of the cells

Hormone

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can alter cellular activity
byincreasing or decreasing the rate of a
normal metabolic process rather than
by stimulating performance of a new one

Hormones

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Hormones can alter cellular activity
by ___ or ___the rate of a
normal metabolic process rather than
by ___ performance of a new one

increasing or decreasing

stimulating

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Hormone levels in the blood are
maintained by

negative feedback

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typically act through second-messenger systems

amino-acid-based hormones

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Endocrine glands are activated by other

hormones

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___ or ___ in theblood triggers the release of more
hormone

stimulus or low hormone levels

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Steroid hormones can act through either

-direct gene activation -second-messenger systems

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate___

hormone release

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, and the endocrine cells are said to respond to neural stimuli.

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

_____ stimulate hormone release, and the endocrine cells are said to respond to __

nerve fibers neural stimuli

(3) Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

Hormonal Stimuli Humoral Stimuli Neural Stimuli

Location of Major Endocrine Organs (10)

Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Thymus Gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

Size of pituitary gland

grape

Pituitary Gland hangs by a stalk from the

hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland protected by the

sphenoid bone

How many hormones does Anterior Pituitary have

Pituitary Gland: two functional lobes

Anterior pituitary-glandular tissue Posterior pituitary-nervous tissue

Anterior pituitary- Posterior pituitary-

Anterior pituitary- glandular tissue Posterior pituitary-nervous tissue

Six anterior pituitary hormones - -

Two affect non endocrine targets Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic

___ affect non endocrine targets ___ other endocrine glands (tropic hormone)

Two hormones Four stimulate

Four hormone that stimulate other endocrine glands

tropic hormones

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones (3)

Proteins (or peptides) Act through second messenger systems Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary is regulated by

hormonal stimula

Anterior pituitary hormones act through second

second messenger systems

Anterior Pituitary is regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly

negative feedback

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone- Prolaction- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing hormone- Thyrotropic hormone- Adrenocorticotropic hormone-

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone- Bones and muscle Prolaction-mammary gland Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing hormone- Testes and Ovaries Thyrotropic hormone- Thyroid Adrenocorticotropic hormone- Adrenal Cortex

Hypothalamus releasing hormone in

portal circulation

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - Bones and muscle - Testes and Ovaries - Thyroid - Adrenal Cortex

General metabolic hormone

Growth hormone

Growth Hormone (GH) Major effects are directed to growth of (2)

skeletal muscles and long bones

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins

Growth Hormone

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

Prolactin (PRL)

Growth hormone causes amino acids to be built into

proteins

Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

Growth Hormone

Prolactin (PRL)- Function in ___ is unknown

males

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

Gonadotropic hormones

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries Stimulates sperm development in testes

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Triggers ovulation

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropic hormones (2)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates testosterone production in males Referred to as

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates testosterone production in males

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor

Oxytocin

Causes milk ejection

Oxytocin

Can inhibit urine production

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

increased blood pressure

(vasopressin)

Found at the base of the throat

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Hormone composed of two active iodine containing hormones

Thyroxine (T 4 ) Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid Glands consists of

two lobes and a connecting isthmus

Major metabolic hormone

Thyroid Hormone

Thyroid Gland produces two hormones

Thyroid hormone Calcitonin

Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Produced by C (parafollicular) cells

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is produced by

C (parafollicular) cells

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone

Calcitonin

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

Parathyroid Glands

Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) conversion of __ at ___

T 4 target tissues

Parathyroid Glands secrete

parathyroid hormone

Thyroxine (T 4 ) secreted by

thyroid follicles

parathyroid hormone raises ___ in the blood

Calcium levels

Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone

parathyroid hormone

Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

parathyroid hormone

Adrenal Glands has two gland -their function

Cortex outer glandular region in three layers Medulla inner neural tissue region

Glucocorticoids produced in the middle layer of the

adrenal cortex

Sits on top of the kidneys

Adrenal Glands

(including cortisone and cortisol)

Glucocorticoids

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids Sex hormones

Promote normal cell metabolism

Glucocorticoids

Help resist long term stressors

Glucocorticoids

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

sex hormones

Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

Sex hormones

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

Glucocorticoids

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short term stress

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

The pancreas is a

mixed gland

Short term stress response (1) Long term stress response (2)

Short term stress response -Catecholamines Long term stress response -Mineralocorticoids -Glucocorticoids

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla produces two similar hormones

(catecholoamine) Epinephrine Norepinephrine

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

Insulin

The islets of the pancreas produce hormones (2)

-insulin -glucagon

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

melatonin

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

Glucagon

maintain blood sugar homeostasis (2)

insulin glucagon

Matures some types of white blood cells

thymosin

Found on the third ventricle of the brain

pineal gland

Secretes melatonin

pineal gland

May have other as yet unsubstantiated functions

melatonin

thymus is largest in (2)

infants and children

Located posterior to the sternum

thymus

Important in developing the immune system

thymus

Produces thymosin

thymus

Hormones of the Ovaries (2)

Progesterone Estrogens

Estrogens Produced by

Graafian follicles or the placenta

Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics Matures female reproductive organs Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg Helps maintain pregnancy Prepares the breasts to produce milk

estrogen

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

Progesterone Produced by the

corpus luteum

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

Progesterone

__of testes are hormone producing

Interstitial cells

Hormones of the Testes Produce several

androgens

Testosterone is the most important androgen

testosterone

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system Required for sperm cell production

Testosterone

Other Hormone Producing Tissues and Organs (5)

Parts of the small intestine Parts of the stomach Kidneys Heart Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells

Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy

Placenta

Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until

old age

Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby

Placenta

Placenta produces ___in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones

HCG

is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

Menopause

Problems associated with___ are common

reduced estrogen

__production declines with age

Growth hormone

Endo S Flashcards

(130 cards)