Endocrine

Question 1

Addison disease

Answer 1

Primary Adrenal insufficiency → ↓cortisol
↑ ACTH
↑ MSH → pigmented skin

Question 2

Neuroblastoma

Answer 2

Adrenal Medulla Tumor of childhood
opsoclonus-myoclonus (dancing eyes, dancing feet)
↑ catecholamine metabolites HVA and VMA
N-myc 
Homer-wright rosettes

Question 3

MEN1

Answer 3

Pituitary tumor
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (ZE, VIPomas, insulinoma)
Parathyroid adenomas
MEN1 mutation

Question 4

MEN2A

Answer 4

Parathyroid hyperplasia
Pheochromocytoma
Thyroid carcinoma
RET mutation

Question 5

MEN2B

Answer 5

Pheochromocytoma
Thyroid carcinoma
Mucosal neuromas
RET mutation

Question 6

Lispro

Answer 6

short acting insulin

Question 7

NPH

Answer 7

Intermediate acting insulin

Question 8

Detemir

Answer 8

long acting insulin

Question 9

Glargine

Answer 9

long acting insulin

Question 10

What sympathetic receptors trigger insulin secretion?

Answer 10

α2 → ↓insulin

ß2 → ↑insulin

Question 11

Sulfonylureas

Answer 11

↑ insulin release from ß-cells
chlorpropamide
tolbutamide
glimepiride
glipizide
glyburide

Question 12

Meglitinides

Answer 12

↑ insulin release from ß-cells
nateglinide
repaglinide

Question 13

chlorpropamide

Answer 13

Sulfonylureas

Question 14

tolbutamide

Answer 14

Sulfonylureas

Question 15

glimepiride

Answer 15

Sulfonylureas

Question 16

glipizide

Answer 16

Sulfonylureas

Question 17

glyburide

Answer 17

Sulfonylureas

Question 18

nateglinide

repaglinide

Answer 18

Meglitinides

Question 19

DPP4 inhibitors

Answer 19

-gliptins

↑ GLP-1 and GIP (↑ glucose dependent insulin release)

Question 20

Glitazones

Answer 20

activate PPAR-γ (transcription regulator)

↓ insulin resistance

Question 21

SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 21

-flozin
↓ glucose reabsorption in kidneys
↑ risk of UTI

Question 22

α-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 22

↓ intenstinal disaccharide absoprtion

Acarbose, miglitol

Question 23

Acarbose

Answer 23

α-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 24

miglitol

Answer 24

α-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 25

high-dose dexamethasone suppression test

Answer 25

Should ↓ ACTH and ↓ cortisol | if no change → ectopic source of ACTH

Question 26

17α-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 26

↑ aldosterone | ↓ cortisol and androgens

Question 27

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 27

↓ aldosterone (↓BP) ↓ cortisol ↑ androgens

Question 28

11ß-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 28

↓ aldosterone ↓ cortisol ↑ androgens ↑ BP

Question 29

Leydig cells vs | Sertoli cells

Answer 29

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone (for the Leydies) FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce Sperm (all S's) Sertoli cells produce inhibin B to inhibit FSH secretion

Question 30

Sheehan syndrome

Answer 30

postpartum ischemic necrosis of pituitary | presents as failure to lactate