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MCAT Prep > Endocrine and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key things the endocrine system regulates?

A

metabolism and fluid retention

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2
Q

tropic hormones

A

cause other hormones to be released

allows for careful control of a system

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3
Q

hypothalamus and location

A

bridges the nervous system’s signals to the endocrine system’s hormones

located below the thamalus and above the pituitary gland

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4
Q

anterior pituitary

A

receives hormonal signals from hypothalamus

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5
Q

posterior pituitary

A

receives neuronal signals from hypothalamus

releases ADH to regulate fluid balance and oxytocin for labor contractions

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6
Q

thyroid

A

releases thyroid hormones which affect metabolism and behavior

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7
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

kidneys

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8
Q

two regions of adrenal glands and what they secrete

A

adrenal cortex: cortisol (long-term stress)

adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine (acute stress)

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9
Q

GnRH

A

tropic hormone released from hypothalamus

eventually affects reproduction

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10
Q

when can testosterone increase?

A

after winning a competition

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

promotes uterine contractions during labor

great example of positive feedback

more oxytocin means more contractions which means more oxytocin

has psychological effects for bonding - “cuddle” hormone

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12
Q

what releases oxytocin?

A

posterior pituitary

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13
Q

what psychological effects does oxytocin have?

A

bonding and affection

considered the “cuddle” hormone

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14
Q

prolactin

A

promotes lactation and moderates stress and anxiety

secreted by anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what can low levels of prolactin lead to psychologically?

A

PPD

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16
Q

melatonin

A

induces sleep with circadian rhythms

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17
Q

leptin

A

reduces hunger

released by adipose cells

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18
Q

ghrelin

A

promotes hunger

released by stomach cells

stomach “growling” is ghrelin

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19
Q

Where do leptin and ghrelin act?

A

on the hypothalamus

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20
Q

NPY

A

stimulates appetite and increases food intake

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21
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex

increases blood sugar levels

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22
Q

thyroid hormones

A

promote metabolism

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23
Q

what can hypothyroidism lead to?

A

fatigue

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24
Q

where are neurotransmitters recieved?

A

at dendrites of neurons

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25
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored and released from?

A

axon terminal of neurons

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26
Q

what is the resting potential and polarization needed to fire a neuron?

A

resting potential: -70mV

firing threshold: -55 mV

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27
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between motor neuron and muscle

used in reflexes

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28
Q

acetylcholine

A

tells muscles to contract

sent across neuromuscular junction

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29
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

depolarize the electric potential of target neuron

less negative, and more likely to send signal

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30
Q

does a neuron fire if it gets more polarized or depolarized?

A

depolarized (less negative) will fire

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31
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

hyper-polarize the electric potential of target neuron

more negative, and less likely to send signal

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32
Q

what else does acetylcholine do besides muscle contraction?

A

communicates between central nervous system and autonomic nervous system

sends signals in parasympathetic system

33
Q

glutamate and GABA

A

glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter

34
Q

dopamine

A

involved in reward pathways (can lead to drug addiction)

mediates motor function

35
Q

seratonin

A

regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and intestinal movement

36
Q

SSRIs

A

keep serotonin in synapses longer

used to treat depression

do not create more serotonin

37
Q

endorphins

A

suppress pain and produce euphoria

runner’s high generates endorphins

38
Q

agonist

A

compound that activates a certain receptor, causing a response

might not be the primary ligand of a receptor

39
Q

antagonist

A

bind a receptor but not not cause a response

blocks agonists

40
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

41
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that send and receives signals to and from central nervous system

42
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary activities and skeletal movement

subdivision of PNS

43
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls unconscious, automatic activities

subdivision of PNS

44
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest system

vasodilation of GI tract

vasoconstriction of skeletal muscles

pupils constrict

45
Q

vasodilation

A

increases blood flow to an area

46
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decreases blood flow to an area

47
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

flight or fight response

vasodilation of skeletal muscles (can run or fight)

vasoconstriction of GI tract

pupils dillate

epinephrine increases blood glucose levels

heart rate increases

48
Q

epinephrine

A

released from adrenal medulla on kidney

increases blood glucose levels

part of sympathetic nervous system and acute stress response

49
Q

enteric nervous system

A

regulates gut

subdivision of autonomic nervous system

50
Q

what do efferent neurons secrete?

A

acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions to effect the muscle and cause contraction

51
Q

nociceptors

A

also known as pain receptors

are found in abundance in the skin

52
Q

What types of hormones do the pituitary glands release?

A

peptide hormones

53
Q

Thyroid hormone pathway

A

TRH from hypothalamus
TSH from anterior pituitary
T3 and T4 from thyroid

54
Q

Reproductive hormone pathway

A

GnRH from hypothalamus
LH + FSH from anterior pituitary
Reproductive organs respond

55
Q

Corticosteroid hormone pathway

A

CRH from hypothalamus
ACTH from anterior pituitary
Corticosterioids are produced from adrenal cortex

56
Q

Growth hormone pathway

A

GHRH from hypothalamus

GH - growth hormone

57
Q

What hormones does anterior pituitary produce independently of hypothalamus?

A

prolactin and endorphins

58
Q

What do the parathyroid glands release?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) which raises calcium levels in the blood

59
Q

What hormones does the thyroid release?

A

T3 and T4

calcitonin

60
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

1) cortisol
2) aldosterone
3) sex hormones

61
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

promotes fluid retention by increasing Na+ uptake in collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule

62
Q

What does adrenal medulla secrete?

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

63
Q

What type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinehpine?

A

amino acid derived hormones

specifically, catecholamines

64
Q

Where is insulin secreted?

A

from the beta cells of the pancreas

65
Q

Where is glucagon secreted?

A

from the alpha cells of the pancreas

66
Q

Where is somatostatin secreted?

A

the delta cells of the pancreas

67
Q

Somatostatin

A

slows down digestion

68
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

found in the brain

69
Q

ANP

A

produced by cardiac muscles

decreases BP by promoting fluid loss

70
Q

Hormones secreted by the digestive system

A

1) gastin
2) secretin
3) CCK

71
Q

secretin

A

small intestine tells pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme

72
Q

CCK

A

stimulates the release of hydrolytic enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver

73
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

raises Ca2+ levels

tells osteoclasts to break down bone

74
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

lowers calcium levels

75
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

helps increase Ca2+ levels

76
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

medication that stop aldosterone production to help lower high BP

hypertension medication

77
Q

How does aldosterone specifically work?

A

Increases Na+ concentration in nephron’s collecting duct and distal conducting tube

Water follows by osmosis into blood

Na+ concentration is raises by increasing K+ secreted

78
Q

What does ADH do? How?

A

increases BP/blood volume

places more aquaporins in collecting duct

79
Q

How does ANP work?

A

does the opposite of aldosterone and increases fluid loss

lowers BP

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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