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ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm > Endocrine Complaints 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Complaints 2 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the thyroid gland axis

A

Hypothalamus - TRH
Pituitary - TSH
Thyroid gland - T4 and T3

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2
Q

What is the major thyroid hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

T4

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3
Q

What is the active thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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4
Q

T3/T4 deficiency

A

Hypothyroidism

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the world?

A

Iodine deficiency

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease)

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7
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

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8
Q

Key signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
SLOWER metabolism
Weight gain 
Fatigue
Dry skin
Feeling cold
Constipation
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9
Q

Why will TSH be elevated in patients with hypothyroidism?

A

Due to low levels of T3 and T4 there is no negative feedback so the anterior pituitary continues to release TSH

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10
Q

General treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Replace hormone - Hormone deficiency

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the US?

A

Grave’s Disease (autoimmune disease)

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12
Q

Key signs and symptoms of Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

A

FASTER metabolism
Weight loss
Protruding eye balls
Palpitations, sweating, warm skin

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13
Q

Why will TSH be suppressed in patients with hyperthyroidism?

A

Due to high levels of T3 and T4 there will be negative feedback on the anterior pituitary to make less TSH

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14
Q

General treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

Remove hormone - Hormone excess

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15
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system?

A

Thyroid cancer

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16
Q

Disordered growth of thyroid cells

A

Nodular disease

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17
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates?

A

Calcium levels

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18
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what to calcium levels?

A

Increases them

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19
Q

How is the parathyroid hormone regulated?

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A

Via calcium levels in the blood:

  • low calcium increases PTH
  • high calcium decreases PTH
20
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

21
Q

Most common symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism?

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A

MOSTLY ASYMPTOMATIC

22
Q

What is the classic presentation of high calcium levels?

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A

Stones, bones and groans

  • kidney stones
  • abnormal bones (weakness)
  • constipation
23
Q

What cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is usually symptomatic at discovery?

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A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

24
Q

What is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism?

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A

Inadvertent damage or removal of parathyroid glands during surgery

25
What are the key signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
Chvostek's sign Trousseau sign Irregular heartbeat
26
Chvostek's sign
Tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear elicits twitching/spasm of all facial muscles
27
Trousseau's sign
Induction of a carpal spasm by inflation of BP cuff
28
Low PTH levels and Low calcium levels means?
Hypoparathyroidism
29
The adrenal glands primary products?
Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids
30
Main glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
31
What is the glucocorticoid axis?
Hypothalamus - CRH Anterior pituitary - ACTH Adrenal gland - Cortisol
32
Mineralcorticoids are controlled by?
Blood pressure/volume
33
Main mineralcorticoid?
Aldosterone
34
Autoimmune cause of adrenal insufficiency?
Addison's Disease (autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands)
35
Most common cause of adrenal insufficiency?
Suppression of the axis due to exogenous (administered) glucocorticoids
36
Key signs of adrenal insufficiency
Glucocorticoid AND Mineralcorticoid deficiency: - fatigue, weight loss - low BP, salt craving * hyperpigmentation*
37
Addison's Disease physical exam sign
Hyperpigmentation in areas of increased friction
38
Hypercortisolism?
Cushing's syndrome (excess glucocorticoids)
39
Cushing's disease cause (ACTH dependent)?
Pituitary adenoma which produces ACTH
40
Most common cause of cushing's syndrome (ACTH independent)?
Medical use of glucocorticoids
41
Main signs of cushing's syndrome
Moon face Buffalo hump Central obesity Easy bruising and striae
42
Main cause of aldosteronism (mineralcorticoid excess)?
Adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome)
43
Main signs of aldosteronism
HTN with low potassium levels
44
Pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine producing tumor in the adrenal glands
45
Main signs of a pheochromocytoma
EPISODIC HTN, palpitations, headache, sweating
46
Common signs of a pituitary tumor
``` VISUAL LOSS (on optic nerve) Individual features based on hormone secretion ```

ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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