Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
The ______________ is one of the two important control systems of the body.
A
endocrine system
2
Q
The system comprises glands and cells that secrete the chemical signals called ____________ into the body’s plasma.
A
hormones
3
Q
Hormones are chemical messengers that arouse the body’s tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their?
A
metabolic activity
4
Q
regulates the entry of glucose, its absence will result in no entry of glucose
A
Insulin
5
Q
__________ are cells within an organ that respond and bind to a particular hormone through specific cellular receptors.
A
Target cells
6
Q
The major controller of endocrine glands.
A
Hypothalamus
7
Q
Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the?
A
pituitary gland
8
Q
Anterior pituitary gland has what portal system?
A
Hypothalamohypophysial
9
Q
In the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system _______________ pass through this portal system.
A
action potentials
10
Q
This gland has the Hypothalamohypophysial tract.
A
Posterior pituitary gland
11
Q
Responsible for the secretion of another hormone.
A
Releasing hormones
12
Q
triggers secretion of growth hormone
A
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
13
Q
Halts the release of another hormone.
A
Inhibiting hormones
14
Q
decrease secretion of growth hormone
A
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
15
Q
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s structure
A
peptide
16
Q
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s target tissue
A
anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone
17
Q
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s response
A
increased growth hormone secretion
18
Q
What hormone is this?
Structure: small peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone
Reponse: decreased growth hormone secretion
A
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin
19
Q
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s structure
A
small peptide
20
Q
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s target tissue
A
anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone
21
Q
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s response
A
increased thyroid-stimulating (T3 and T4) hormone secretion
22
Q
What hormone is this?
Structure: peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
Response: increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
A
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
23
Q
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s structure
A
small peptide
24
Q
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s target tissue
A
anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
25
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)'s response
increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
26
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)'s structure, target tissue, and response
unknown
27
What hormone is this?
Structure: amino acid derivative (the amino acid derivative, dopamine)
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete prolactin
Response: decreased prolactin secretion
Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH)
28
Secretes nine major hormones that regulate numerous body functions and the secretory activity of several other endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
29
Pituitary Gland is divided into?
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
30
Develops as an outpocketing of the roof of the pituitary diverticulum or Rathke pouch.
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
31
Adenohypophysis produces and secretes a number of hormones, four of which are?
tropic hormones (tropin)
32
The target organ of tropic hormones is another?
endocrine gland or ogan
33
Adenohypophysis is derived from the?
epithelial tissue of oral cavities
34
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone's stimulus for release
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
35
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone's target
Thyroid gland
36
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone's effects
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
37
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone's stimulus for release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
38
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone's target
Ovaries and testes (gonads)
39
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone's effects
Females - stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Males - stimulates sperm production
40
(LH) Luteinizing hormone's stimulus for release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
41
(LH) Luteinizing hormone's target
Ovaries and testes (gonads)
42
(LH) Luteinizing hormone's effects
Females - triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone.
Males - stimulates testosterone production
43
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone's stimulus for release
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
44
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone's target
Adrenal cortex
45
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone's reaction
Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)
46
Kapag hindi tropic hormone ang isang hormone coming from anterior pituitary gland, walang nakadugtong na?
stimulating
47
(GH) Growth hormone's stimulus for release
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
48
(GH) Growth hormone's target
Liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage, mostly
49
(GH) Growth hormone's effects
Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose.
50
(PRL) Prolactin's stimulus for release
A decrease in the amount of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PH)
51
(PRL) Prolactin's target
Mammary glands in the breast
52
(PRL) Prolactin's effects
Stimulates milk production (lactation)
53
Other term for Growth hormone
somatotropin
54
Growth hormone is ________ in children as compared with adults.
higher
55
Peak of GH is during?
deep sleep
56
Growth hormone is responsible for production of?
polypeptides
57
paracrine effects wherein somatomedin stimulates the growth of cartilage and bones, increases synthesis of protein inside skeletal muscles.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
58
Example of polypeptides
somatomedin
59
Prolactin has a correlation with activity of?
progesterone (ovulation)
60
Lipotropins' structure
Peptides
61
Lipotropins' target tissue
Adipose tissues
62
Lipotropins' response
Increased lipid breakdown
63
Endorphins' structure
Peptides
64
Endorphins' target tissue
Brain, but not all target tissues are known
65
Endorphins' response
Analgesia in the brain; inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion
66
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone's structure
Peptide
67
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone's target tissue
Melanocytes in the skin
68
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone's response
Increased melanin production in melanocytes to make the skin darker in color
69
short stature of newborns, normal intelligence only problem is height
Dwarfism
70
hypersecretion of growth hormone, prolonged growth of long bones (up to 8 feet)
Gigantism
71
no height increase but deposition of bony ridges appears above the eyes, prominent jaw
Acromegaly
72
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Consists of:
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
73
Pars distalis are consists of?
Somatotropes
Lactotropes
Corticotropes
Gonadotropes
Thyrotropes
74
Forms an outgrowth of the hypothalamus region of the brain, forming an infundibulum, wherein its distal end enlarges to form a posterior pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis
75
Neurohypophysis serves as the storage site for two _______________, which are produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus.
neurohormones
76
Neurohypophysis is derived from brain cells that are usually?
continuous
77
Oxytocin's stimulus for release
Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretch or suckling of an infant.
78
Oxytocin's target
Uterus and mammary glands
79
Oxytocin's effects
Stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk ejection (let-down) in lactating mothers.
80
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone's stimulus for release
Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume.
81
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone's target
Kidneys
82
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone's effects
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output and conserving body water.
83
Synthesized in the paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus.
Oxytocin
84
Oxytocin is responsible for expulsion of?
the fetus during delivery
85
Oxytocin triggered by?
Stretch of uterus — result to contraction
Mechanical stimulation of cervix
Stimulation of nipples
86
Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
87
increased urine, anti-diuresis — against or decreased urine
Diuresis
88
Secretion of ADH depends on:
Blood osmolality
Blood volume
89
This receptor is synapse the ADH neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus.
Osmoreceptors
90
This receptor detects the decrease in blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
91
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Consists of:
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
92
Can be found in the epithalamus of the brain.
A small cone/pine-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
Pineal Gland
AKA Pineal Body/Epiphysis Cerebri
93
Pineal Gland regulates _______________ through the production of the hormone melatonin (sleep).
daily body rhythm
94
Regulates daily body rhythms and day/night cycle (circadian rhythms).
Melatonin
95
Melatonin is usually secreted during ______ — increased action potential during ______, increased production.
night
96
Melatonin has two types of cells. What are they?
Pinealocytes
Glial cells
97
Has sensitivity in light.
Photoperiod
98
Composed of two lobes joined by isthmus.
Thyroid Gland
99
Thyroid Gland is _________ to the upper portion of the trachea just inferior to the larynx.
lateral
100
Thyroid Gland is one of the ________ endocrine glands.
largest
101
Thyroid Gland contains numerous follicles, the center of which is filled with _________ composed of a protein thyroglobulin, which serves as the precursor to thyroid hormones.
colloid
102
serves as a site for the storage of a large amount of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Thryoglobulin
103
______________ are scattered between follicles and follicle walls and secrete calcitonin.
Parafollicular cells
104
Responsible for blood calcium levels. (in response of high levels of calcium; target tissue: bones)
Calcitonin
105
Calcitonin's functions
Promotes entry of Calcium to the bones
Decreases Calcium levels
Decreases osteoclasts activities
106
Thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes three hormones:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Calcitonin
107
enlargement of thyroid
Goiter
108
decreased T3 and T4
Hypothyroidism
109
Examples of Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Hashimoto - this is an autoimmune disease)
110
increased T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism
111
Examples for Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease - wherein they have exophthalmos which is the enlargement of eyes
Goiter
Thyroid Storm - triggered by stress, surgery, or infection
Tumor - in terms of thyroiditis or viral infection
112
T3 comprises _____ of thyroid hormones, T4 or thyroxine comprises _______ of thyroid hormones.
10% and 80%
113
T4 is the _______ for T3
precursor
114
___ of T4 is converted into T3
40%
115
T3 is a major hormone that interacts with target cells and has higher affinity to _________, more potent.
receptors
116
Some of the T4 is not converted into T3 (sometimes nonfunctional). If functional it still has a decreased _________ to your receptors.
affinity
117
T4 is less potent so it does not serve its function so is usually released to?
urine and bile
118
T4 and T3 importance of these two is related to?
sodium and potassium pumps
119
T4 and T3 Responsible for growth of bone, hair, teeth, connective tissue, nervous tissue and has effects on?
GH
120
T4 and T3 responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria in terms of?
metabolism
121
located in the thyroid gland, has 2 pairs
Parathyroid gland
122
Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone. Concerns with the regulation of?
blood calcium levels
123
Term used where there are areas in the world where there is a decreased iodine content in the soil making vegetables deficient in iodine. If it is deficient it will not promote the normal function of thyroid.
Goiter Belt
124
More compact compared to your thyroid Gland. Usually embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid Gland
125
Parathyroid Gland is made up of two cells. What are they?
Chief Cells
Oxyphils
126
This cell of Parathyroid Gland has no known function.
Oxyphils
127
Parathyroid Gland's hormones
PTH
128
Parathyroid Gland's sturcture
Peptide
129
Parathyroid Gland's target tissue
Bone, kidneys, small intestine
130
Peptide increases the?
osteoclasts activity
131
In terms of Vitamin D it promotes ______________ of your active Vitamin D. Wherein your active Vitamin D increases the absorption of your calcium and phosphate in your small intestine thereby increasing your blood calcium levels.
enzymatic formation
132
PTH is only concerned with calcium since your phosphate excretion happens in your kidneys so it does not?
affect phosphate level in your blood
133
Parathyroid Gland's response
Increased rate of the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts; increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys; increased absorption of Ca2+ from the small intestine; increased vitamin D synthesis; increased blood Ca2+ levels.
134
Located near the superior poles of the kidneys. Retroperitoneal, located at the back of the abdomen and (peritoneum) it lies at the superior portion at the lobe of your kidneys.
Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands
135
Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands is composed of?
medulla and an outer cortex
136
Medulla is derived from?
neural crest cells
137
Cortex is derived from the?
mesoderm
138
Consists of closely packed polyhedral cells (chromaffin cells) centrally located in the gland.
Adrenal medulla
139
Adrenal medulla are usually derived from mesoderm rather than?
epithelial cells
140
Derived from the usual, epithelial cells.
Adrenal cortex
141
Adrenal cortex forms three indistinct layers. What are they?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
142
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Small clusters of cells
Thickest part
Zona glomerulosa
143
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Cells forms long columns, or fascicles
Secretes your cortisols
Zona fasciculata
144
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Thin layer of irregularly arranged cords of cells.
Deepest layer
Releases your androgens
Zona reticularis
145
What are the Hormones in Medulla?
Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%)
146
Responsible for fight or flight response. Triggers: excitement, injuries, exercise, and even low blood glucose level
Epinephrine
147
Epinephrine repairs your body in terms of physical activity and reduces your?
organ activity in terms of physical activity
148
Epinephrine also ______ blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity.
increases
149
The act of Increasing blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity is usually stimulated by your ___________________ because they are part of your autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic neurons
150
Norepinephrine (precursor) is usually ____________ to your epinephrine.
converted
151
Another function of Epinephrine is conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the __________. We also have conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the muscle cells but technically glucose produced there isn’t secreted because the muscles need it.
liver cells
152
Other functions of Epinephrine are?
- breakdown of adipose tissue - constriction and dilation of blood vessels
153
constriction and dilation can also be found in?
skin, kidneys, and GIDs
154
Norepinephrine gives rise to?
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
155
Norepinephrine two related hormones in Cortex
Alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic.
156
Zone reticularis secrets?
androgens
157
Zone reticularis is responsible for
male =
female = sex drive
development of male secondary sex characteristics such as your pubic hair, axillary hair growth.
158
Zone reticularis have?
Androstenedione
159
Zona fasciculata secretes?
glucocorticoids
160
Zona fasciculata major effect:
energy production from lipid and protein synthesis.
161
Zona fasciculata response classification: __________ (energy production), ____________ (maturation of fetal), and __________________ (regulatory function of your endocrine glands)
metabolic
developmental
anti-inflammatory
162
Zona fasciculata known to suppress immune-response in case of?
auto-immune diseases and transplant rejections
163
Zona fasciculata responsible for _____________, decrease glucose uptake resulting in increased blood glucose level, decrease amino acid uptake resulting in increased amino acid in your blood, and increase glucose neogenesis where your glucose is synthesized from other sources like amino acids.
lipid catabolism
164
Zona glomerulosa secretes?
mineralocorticoids
165
Zona glomerulosa have aldosterone for?
sound reabsorption
166
In Zona glomerulosa water follows sodium reabsorption and potassium goes out (PISO). ____________ also goes out resulting into decreasing level of pH blood resulting into alkalosis.
Hydrogen ion
167
Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Pancreas
168
Pancreas exocrine component
pancreatic acinar cells (produces pancreatic juice)
169
Pancreas edocrine component
Islets of Langerhans
170
This principal cell of Pancreas releases glucagon (20%) incases of hypoglycemia or low blood glucose. Wherein it increases the glucose synthesization in your liver then it would be released in the bloodstream and increases your breakdown of lipids.
A (alpha) cells
171
This principal cell of Pancreas releases insulin (75%) incase of hyperglycemia or high blood glucose so glucose goes inside of the cell.
B (beta) cells
172
This principal cell of Pancreas releases somatostatin (5%), inhibitors of A and B cells. (Siya yung nagpaptigil sa dalawa if sobra na)
D (delta) cells
173
Deficiency in insulin then glucose won't go inside the cell the blood glucose would accumulate which is the result of patients with?
diabetes
174
Experiences in diabetes.
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
175
This minor cell type of Pancreas is responsible digestion wherein it inhibits your gastric emptying activity and biliary excretion.
PP or Pancreatic Polypeptide cell (F/gamma cell)
176
This minor cell type of Pancreas is from D cells but also PP cells.
D1 cell
177
This minor cell type of Pancreas - ghrelin is released to hunger.
Epsilon cell
178
Endocrine glands that produce hormones are involved mainly in the process of reproduction, and may also have a role in other parts of the body.
Gonads
179
Small oval-shaped male reproductive organs.
Testes
180
The endocrine portion of the testes is the ____________ (interstitial cells) which secret the hormone testosterone.
Leydig cells
181
Testes regulates the production of?
sperm cells
182
Testes is responsible for ______________ of your male reproductive organs and secondary male characteristics.
maintenance
183
Testes releases your hormones called ________ where it inhibits your secretion of FSH in your anterior pituitary gland.
inhibin
184
Almond-sized organs that serve as the primary reproductive organs of females.
Ovaries
185
Ovaries' 2 primary functions.
Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis
186
Ovaries produce the following steroid:
Estrogens
Progesterone
187
Ovaries' primary function is the control of your ____________________ and prepares you mammary gland for lactation. It is also responsible for development of female reproductive organs and maintenance of your female secondary characteristics.
female reproductive cycle
188
Ovaries also secretes inhibin which inhibits FSH. Also secretes hormone _______ increasing the flexibility (mas marerelax pubis synthesis) in terms of dilation of our cervix for birth and delivery.
relaxin
189
Ovaries has another hormone which is ________ which makes your birth canal wider/larger.
oxytocin
190
___________ are responsible for the sensation of pain as well as your enkephalins and dynorphins.
Endorphins
191
_____________ for uterine contraction.
Prostaglandin
192
____________ happy hormones released during pleasure and considered to be neurotransmitters released by your hypothalamus.
Dopamine
193
__________, your mood enhancers from your brain stem and stored in your enterochromaffin cells.
Serotonin
194
The most common cause of ___________________________ is an increase in the total number of cells producing a specific hormone.
hormone overproduction
195
Endocrine organ involved: Thyroid; Excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are released into the circulation due to hypertrophy of hormone-secreting cells.
Grave's disease
196
Symptoms of Grave's disease
weight loss, excessive sweating, tachycardia, nervousness, protrusion of eyeballs, and retraction of eyelids.
197
May result from:
Destruction of an endocrine organ by a disease process or autoimmunity
Abnormal development of endocrine glands
Abnormal regulation of hormone secretion
Iatrogenic injury
Hormone underproduction
198
Also known as the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans by autoantibodies results in decreased production (or non-production) of insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
199
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results to persistent?
hyperglycemia
200
Blood glucose is high it goes to the kidneys then it gets damaged as well as the?
homeostasis
201
Genetic mutation in hormone receptors. Genetic mutation may be hereditary or acquired.
Altered tissue responses hormones
202
Also known as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
This diabetes is caused by the resistance of muscles and liver to insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
203
Molecules synthesized by adipose tissue that causes insulin resistance:
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and beta
- Resistin
204
The last principle of Endocrine diseases.
Tumors of endocrine glands
205
Most of the tumors of the endocrine gland are _______________ and are responsible for hormone overproduction.
hormonally active
206
Some tumors do not produce hormones and instead compress neighboring organs or cause the destruction of other organs due to? (produces but non-functional).
metastases
207
Give at least 2 Main Regulatory Functions
- Regulation of metabolism
- Control of food intake and digestion
- Modulation of tissue development
- Regulation of ion levels
- Control of water balance
- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- Control of reproductive functions
- Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
- Modulation of immune system function
- Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
