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Massage Therapy Module 4 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete substances into ducts.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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3
Q

Organs which have endocrine qualities

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, kidneys, GI mucosa, heart, placenta

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4
Q

Hormone

A

Internal secretion that functions as a chemical messenger in the endocrine system.

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5
Q

Hormonal regulation methods

A

Hormonal control, feedback systems and neural control

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6
Q

Hormonal control

A

One hormone controls another.

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7
Q

Feedback systems

A

The gland is turned on or off in response to the concentration of the hormone or end product.

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8
Q

Neural control

A

Glands are stimulated directly by the nervous system.

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small, grapelike gland attached to the hypothalamus. Sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

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10
Q

Adrenohypophysis

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Produces 7 hormones.

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11
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stores 2 hormones which are produced by the hypothalamus.

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; regulates the adrenal cortex. ACTH.

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14
Q

Growth hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; stimulates muscle and bone growth.

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15
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; stimulates the thyroid to produce hormones. TSH.

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16
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; stimulates the gonads to produce gametes. FSH.

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17
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; stimulates ovulation and hormone production by the gonads.

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18
Q

Prolactin

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; stimulate milk production in the mammary glands.

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19
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary hormone; Increases skin pigmentation via the distribution of melanin granules.

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20
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Posterior pituitary hormone; stimulates the kidneys to retain water. ADH.

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22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary hormone; stimulates uterine contractions and causes milk expression.

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon. Produces hormones that inhibit or stimulate the anterior pituitary.

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24
Q

Pineal gland

A

Pinecone shaped gland directly posterior to the pituitary. Secretes melatonin.

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25
Q

Melatonin

A

Involved in the control of the circadian rhythm.

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26
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shaped gland found anterior to the trachea. Connected by the central isthmus. Secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin.

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27
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

T3 and T4. COnsist of an iodized amino acid. Increase metabolic rate.

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decrease blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts.

29
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 tiny glands on the posterolateral surface of the thyroid. Release parathyroid hormone.

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts.

31
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Found above the kidneys and divided into cortex and medulla.

32
Q

Corticosteroids

A

The collective name for hormones released from the adrenal cortex.

33
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Corticosteroids which maintain electrolyte and water balance. Primarily aldosterone.

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Corticosteroids which promote sugar metabolism, anti-stress and anti-inflammatory processes. Primarily cortisol.

35
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

Adrenal cortex hormone that stimulates water and sodium retention by the kidneys.

37
Q

Cortisol

A

Adrenal cortex hormone that affects metabolism and produces an anti-inflammatory response.

38
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Enhance and prolong the function of the sympathetic nervous system.

39
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine ratio

A

80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine.

40
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ found inferior to the stomach. Has endocrine and exocrine functions.

41
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Reduces blood glucose by stimulating body cells to take up glucose.

42
Q

Portio of the pancreas that secretes hormones

A

The pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans.

43
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas. Increases blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen.

44
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted by follicle cells of the ovaries. Controls female secondary sex characteristics and the menstrual cycle.

44
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads found in the pelvic cavity. Controlled by LH and FSH. Secrete estrogen, progesterone and relaxin.

45
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovaries. Prepares the endometrium for pregnancy.

46
Q

Relaxin

A

Softens the connective tissue in pregnant women.

47
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads, found in the scrotum. Interstitial cells of Leydig produce androgens.

48
Q

Testosterone

A

Increases male secondary sex characteristics, libido and sperm production.

49
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Produced by the placenta and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone. Decreases lymphocyte activation.

50
Q

Thyms

A

Bilobed gland found behind the sternum. Produces thymis hormones.

51
Q

Thymic hormones

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin. Assist in the growth and development of the immune system.

52
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by that gastric mucosa. Stimulates bile, pancreatic enzymes and gastric juices.

53
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by the intestinal mucosa. Stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas.

54
Q

Secretin

A

Secreted by the intestinal mucosa. Stimulates the pancreas.

55
Q

Ghrelin

A

Secreted by the GI mucosa. Stimulates appetite.

56
Q

GIP

A

Secreted by the GI mucosa. Inhibits gastric secretion and potentiates insulin release.

57
Q

Hormones released by adipocytes

A

Leptin and resistin.

58
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone released by adipocytes. Inhibits hunger and is opposed by ghrelin.

59
Q

Resistin

A

Hormone released by adipocytes. Increases blood sugar by causing body cells to be less sensitive to insulin.

60
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Hormone secreted by the heart. Increases urine production to decrease blood pressure.

61
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Disorder caused by the posterior pituitary gland and insufficient ADH. Causes polyuria and subsequent polydipsia.

62
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urine production.

63
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increased thirst.

64
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A group of disorders leading to hyperglycemia.

65
Q

Graves disease

A

Overproduction of thyroid hormone.

66
Q

Hashimoto disease

A

Underproduction of thyroid hormone.

Massage Therapy Module 4 (5 decks)

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