Endocrine system Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
what is direct communication
A
exchange of ions/molecules between adjacent cells via gap junctions
2
Q
what is direct communication between
A
2 of the same cell
3
Q
what is paracrine communication
A
chemical signals from cell to cell within the same tissue (both are PARt of a tissue)
4
Q
what does transmission occur via
A
extracellular fluid
5
Q
what is autocrine communication
A
occurs within itself
6
Q
what is endocrine communication
A
releases hormones that are then transported to the blood stream
7
Q
what is the definition of a hormone
A
chemical that controls and regulates cell or organs
8
Q
what is endocrinology
A
study of hormones and endocrine organs
9
Q
what is the tissue of endocrine and exocrine glands
A
glandular epithelium
10
Q
what do exocrine glands do
A
release contents that leads to surface
11
Q
what is merocrine
A
top of the cell releases contents by exocytosis (just the tip before marriage)
12
Q
what is apocrine
A
part of the cell is pinched off/half gets torn away (apo = away)
13
Q
what is halocrine
A
entire cell ruptures (in halo, when you shoot someone, they explode)
14
Q
what are the 3 classes of hormones
A
amino acid, peptide hormone, lipid
15
Q
what are 2 amino acid derivatives
A
tyrosine and tryptophan
16
Q
what are peptide hormones synthesized as
A
prohormones
17
Q
are peptide hormones short or long
A
short
18
Q
are protein hormones short or long
A
long
19
Q
what are 2 examples of polypeptide hormones
A
ADH and OXT
20
Q
what are 2 examples of protein hormones
A
insulin and prolactin
21
Q
what type of hormone is elcosanoids
A
lipid derivative
22
Q
what do elcosanoids do
A
coordinate cellular activity and enzymes
23
Q
what has contrasting effects on blood clots
A
omega 3 and 6
24
Q
what are steroid hormones derived from
A
cholesterol
25
what steroid hormone do testes produce
androgens
26
what steroid hormone do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
27
what steroid hormone does the adrenal cortex produce
corticosteroid
28
what steroid hormone does the kidneys produce
calcitrol
29
what do steroid hormones bind to
transport proteins in plasma
30
are catecholamines and peptide hormones lipid soluble
no
31
where do catecholamines and peptide hormones bind to receptors
outside of membrane
32
are steroid and thyroid hormones lipid soluble
yes
33
where do steroid and thyroid hormones bind to receptors
inside of cell/membrane
34
what 2 things can hormones do in the blood
circulate freely and bind to carrier proteins
35
how long are free hormones functional
less than an hour
36
do bound hormones or free hormones remain functional longer
bound
37
when do free hormones become inactivated
diffuse out of blood and bind to receptors; absorbed by kidneys/liver; broken down by enzymes
38
what does the hormone in G protein coupled receptors use to activate the protein
intermediary
39
what happens once G protein is activated
cAMP levels increase
40
what is the secondary messenger
cAMP
41
what does activation of secondary messengers cause
accelerates metabolic activity
42
what does G protein inhibitory effect cause
decrease in cAMP levels
43
what does G protein activate to cause production of hormones
PLC
44
what hormones does the activation of PLC cause in secondary messengers
DAG and IP3
45
what does DAG and IP3 come from
PIP2
46
what diffuses into the cytoplasm in secondary messengers
IP3
47
what is released when IP3 is released into the cytoplasm
calcium
48
what does calcium activate in secondary messengers
PKC
49
how can steroid hormones affect DNA
alter DNA transcription
50
what else can steroid hormones alter other than DNA transcription
enzyme synthesis
51
where do thyroid hormones bind to receptors
mitochondria
52
what 3 things occur when thyroid hormones bind to receptors in the mitochondria
activates genes, increases ATP production, and nutrient breakdown
53
what happens to hormone receptors during down-regulation as there is a presence of hormone
they decrease
54
what happens to cell sensitivity as hormone levels increase
cell becomes less sensitive (it gets used to the hormones)
55
what happens to hormone receptors during up-regulation as there is an absence of hormones
they increase
56
what happens to cell sensitivity as hormone levels decrease
cell becomes more sensitive (in hopes of one attaching)
57
what is humoral stimuli
change in concentration
58
what is hormonal stimuli
arrival/removal or hormone
59
what is neural stimuli
neurotransmitters
60
what kind of stimuli is blood Ca2+ levels
humoral
61
what kind of stimuli is low TH releasing TRH
hormonal
62
what kind of stimuli is OXT
neural
63
how is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
64
what are the dark stains of the anterior lobe
grandular
65
what kind of hormone is cAMP
peptide
66
where are cell bodies of the posterior lobe neurons located
hypothalamus
67
where is the axon of the posterior lobe neurons located
infundibulum
68
what does SON release
ADH
69
what does PVN release
OXT
70
what is the function of hypophyseal portal system
ensures hormones reach cells in anterior pituitary before entering circulation
71
what is blood flow like in hypophyseal portal system
unidirectional
72
what does OXT stimulate
contractions and dilation
73
when are receptors more sensitive during pregnancy
at the end
74
what system causes the release of OXT
positive feedback system
75
what hormone is necessary for milk ejection
oxytocin
76
what hormone contributes bonding and feelings of love
oxytocin
77
what is the main thing that ADH causes
lack of urination
78
what in the hypothalamus triggers ADH release
osmoreceptors
79
what is the osmolarity levels that cause ADH to be released
increased
80
how does ADH raise blood pressure
blood vessels contract
81
how does alcohol effect ADH
it inhibits it --> seal broken
82
what is diabetes insipidus
chronic dehydration
83
how do ADH levels affect water reabsorption in kidneys
increased ADH levels, decreases water reabsorption in kidneys
84
what hormones are neurotransmitters
OXT and ADH
85
what is the general order of how FLAT hormones are secreted
releasing hormone --> stimulating H --> act on gland --> acts on cell
86
what is the general order of how PIG hormones are secreted
RH and IH --> stimulating H --> act on gland
87
where are stimulating hormones found
pituitary gland
88
where are RH and IH found
hypothalamus
89
what is the F in flat pig
follicle stimulating hormone
90
what is the L in flat pig
luteinizing hormone
91
what is the A in flat pig
adrenocorticotropic hormone
92
what is the T in flat pig
thyroid stimulating hormone
93
what is the P in flat pig
prolactin
94
what is the G in flat pig
growth hormone
95
what hormones of FLATPIG are GnRH
FSH and LH
96
what hormones of FLATPIG have inhibiting hormones
PIG
97
what does FSH stimulate
secondary sex hormones
98
what is FSH inhibited by
inhibin
99
what is inhibin released by
testes and ovaries
100
what does LH stimulate
primary sex hormones
101
what specific hormones does LH stimulate
estrogen and testosterone
102
what causes ovulation
surge in LH
103
where does corticotropin move to and from
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
104
what does corticotropin moving cause to be stimulated
ACTH
105
where does ACTH move to
blood
106
what does ACTH moving to the blood cause to be stimulated
adrenal cortex
107
what does the adrenal cortex act on
zona G,F,R
108
what is zona glomerulosa associated with
salt
109
what is zona fasciculata associated with
sugar
110
what is zona reticularis associated with
sex
111
what is the order which thyroid hormone is secreted
TRH --> TSH --> TH
112
what does the thyroid hormone regulate
metabolism
113
how does hypothalamus decrease metabolism
decreases thyroid hormone
114
what does prolactin stimulate
milk production
115
what is prolactin inhibited by
dopamine
116
what is dopamine a derivative of
tyrosine
117
what does milk flow suppress
sex hormones
118
what happens when sex hormones are suppressed during breast feeding
libido and fertility
119
what does the release of GH result in
increase in tissue growth and metabolism
120
what is released in response to GH
somatomedins
121
what releases somatomedins
the liver
122
what do somatomedins do
stop growth hormone
123
what is pituitary gigantism
children have GH before fushion of epiphyseal plate
124
what is acromegaly
adults who have GH after fusion of epiphyseal plate
125
what secretes melanocytes stimulating hormones
pars intermedia
126
what does MSH result in
melanin production
127
where is the thyroid gland located
anterior to trachea
128
what is the medial region of the thyroid gland called
isthmus
129
what is the tissue of the thyroid gland
simple cuboidal lined
130
what regulates Ca2+ levels in blood
calcitonin
131
what is the active form of thyroid hormone
T3
132
what is the first step of thyroid hormone synthesis
TSH binds to receptors
133
what happens once TSH binds to receptors
iodide is moved into cytosol
134
what do the iodide ions undergo
oxidation
135
what is formed when iodide undergoes oxidation
I2 (iodine) is formed
136
what does iodine link to
tyrosine AA
137
where does iodine link to tyrosine AA
in the thyroglobulin
138
what is produced in the thyroglobulin
T3 and T4
139
what happens to T3 and T4 in the thyroid follicles
they go back into follicle cells
140
what causes T3 and T4 to move back into the follicle cells
TSH
141
what breaks down thyroglobulin colloid
lysosomal enzymes
142
what is released when thyroglobulin is broken down
T3 and T4 is diffused into the blood stream
143
what do low blood levels of TH stimulate
TRH
144
what is TRH released from
hypothalamus
145
what does TRH being released from hypothalamus lead to
TSH released
146
where is TSH released from
anterior pituitary gland
147
what does TSH cause the thyroid gland to secrete
T3 and T4
148
what organelle does T3 and T4 act on
mitochondria
149
what is the 1st function of thyroid hormones
metabolic rate
150
what do T3 and T4 bind to on mitochondria
intracellular receptor
151
what does T3 and T4 initiate in oxidation
transcription of genes
152
what is the 2nd function of thyroid hormones
protein synthesis
153
when is the critical period for brain development
1st trimester
154
what does protein synthesis increase sensitivity to
catecholamines
155
what is hyperthyroidism
antibodies mimic TSH and stimulate T3 and T4 in thyroid follicle cells
156
what is congenital iodine deficiency
insufficient maternal intake of iodine
157
what is myxedema
insufficient intake of iodine during adulthood
158
where is the parathyroid gland located
posterior to thyroid
159
what is the main function of the parathyroid gland
regulates Ca2+ levels
160
what happens when there is low blood calcium
muscle spasms and tetany
161
what is muscle and neural function like when there is low blood calcium
very excitable
162
what happens when there is high blood calcium
cardiac arrhythmias
163
what is muscle and neural function like when there is high blood calcium
depressed
164
where are the adrenal glands located
on top of the kidneys
165
where does blood flow and drain in the adrenal glands
flows to the cortex and drains to the medulla
166
what does zona glomerulosa act on
kidneys
167
what hormone does zona glomerulosa secrete
mineralocorticoids
168
what does zona glomerulosa cause to happen
increases renal absorption of Na+ and water
169
what is zona glomerulosa stimulated by
angiotensin 2
170
what do the kidneys secrete in response to low blood pressure
renin
171
what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
renin
172
what converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
ACE
173
what does angiotensin 2 do
regulate BP
174
how does angiotensin 2 regulate BP
releases Na+ to draw water in
175
what is aldosterone released by
adrenal glands
176
what hormone does zona fasciculata secrete
glucocorticoids
177
what is the hormonal effects of zona fasciculata
increase glucose and glycogen to utilize lipids
178
what is androgen secretion stimulated by
ACTH
179
what causes cushings disease
increase in glucose levels and glucocorticoids (too much sugar makes you cushiony)
180
what is cushings disease caused by
hyper secretion of cortisol due to pituitary tumor
181
what causes the hyper secretion of cortisol in cushings disease
due to pituitary tumor
182
what is Addisons disease
hyper secretion of corticosteroids
183
what hormone does zona reticularis secrete
androgens
184
what is the hormonal effect of zona reticularis
development of pubic hair
185
what controls the regulatory control of zona reticularis
ACTH
186
what do pinealocytes secrete
melatonin
187
what does melatonin come from
serotonin
188
what is the biggest effect on melatonin production
level of light
189
how does jet lag effect melatonin production
it disturbs the light and dark cycle
190
how is adiponectin affected by physical activity
it increases when engaging in physical exercise
191
what is adiponectin activated by
catecholamines
192
how does leptin effect appetite and energy
an increase in leptin = decrease in appetite, increase in energy
193
how does osteocalcin affect B cell proliferation
increases it
194
how does osteocalcin affect insulin
increases it
195
how does osteocalcin affect glucose uptake
increases it
196
how does osteocalcin affect adiponectin
increases it
197
what effect does osteocalcin have on cognitive function
improves it
198
what does osteoblasts secrete (OCN)
glaOCN inactive
199
where are glaOCN inactive sent
osteoclast
200
where is glaOCN active sent once it exits the osteoclast
pancreas, muscle, liver, adipose tissue, testes, brain
201
what gland is activated when there is high calcium levels in the blood
thyroid
202
what is released from the thyroid when there is high calcium
calcitonin (tone it down)
203
how does calcitonin act on the bones
it inhibits osteoclast activity
204
how does osteoclast activity affect levels of calcium in the blood
osteoclasts cause calcium to be reabsorbed into blood
205
how does calcitonin act on the kidneys
inhibits calcium reabsorption
206
what gland is activated when there is low calcium levels in the blood
parathyroid gland
207
what is released from the parathyroid when there is low calcium
parathyroid hormone
208
how does the parathyroid hormone act on bones
increases osteoclast activity
209
how does the parathyroid hormone act on kidneys
increase calcium reabsorption
210
how does the parathyroid hormone act on digestion
increases vitamin D --> increase calcium reabsorption
211
what gland is activated when there is high phosphate levels in the blood
thyroid gland
212
what is released from the thyroid when there is high phosphate
phosphatonin (FGF23) (tone it down)
213
how does the phosphatonin act on the parathyroid
blocks the function of it
214
how does the phosphatonin act on the kidneys
inhibits reabsorption of phosphate
215
how does the phosphatonin act on digestion
inhibits phosphate and calcium reabsorption
