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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

how do cells communicate?

A

contact-dependent
paracrine
synaptic
endocrine

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2
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Discrete glands & tissues: Chemical messengers

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3
Q

where do the chemical messengers enter?

A

Enter bloodstream: dispersed throughout body

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4
Q

what cells do the chemical messengers exert an effect on?

A

target cells

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5
Q

what are target cells?

A

specific high affinity receptors

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6
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones

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7
Q

what do endocrine cells gather to form?

A

specialised organ/gland

adrenal, pituitary, pineal

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8
Q

what else can endocrine cells form?

A

discreet clusters in another specialised organs -ovary, testis, pancreas

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9
Q

where might endocrine cells be dispersed?

A

singly amongst cells in other
epithelial tissue
diffuse enteroendocrine system in gut

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10
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

Multifunctional gland: secretes large number of hormones

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11
Q

what does the pituitary gland activate?

A

peripheral endocrine cells -adrenal, thyroid, testis, ovary

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12
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A

under brain linked by pituitary stalk

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13
Q

what is the structure of the pituitary gland?

A

Anatomically divided – anterior & posterior

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14
Q

what is the anterior pituitary?

A

Epithelial tissue with 3 distinct components

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15
Q

what are the 3 components of the anterior pituitary?

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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16
Q

what is the pars distalis?

A

major portion of gland

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17
Q

what is the pars tuberalis?

A

layer of cells running up stalk

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18
Q

what is the pars intermedia?

A

narrow band bordering P lobe

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19
Q

what are the 3 cell types in the anterior pituitary?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

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20
Q

what stain do acidophils produce?

A

acidic dyes

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21
Q

what stain do basophils produce?

A

basic dyes

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22
Q

what stain do chromophobes produce?

A

no cytoplasmic staining

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of acidophils?

A

somatotrophs

lactotrophs

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24
Q

what are somatotrophs?

A

Stimulates cell growth & replication
increase rate of protein synthesis
increase GH production=acromegaly

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25
what are lactotrophs?
prolactin Stimulates mammary gland development Pregnancy/nursing stimulates milk production increase in size & number
26
what are the 4 types of basophils?
corticotrophs gonadotrophs thyrotrophs chromophores
27
what is an example of corticotrophins?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
28
what is an example of gonadotrophs?
FSH & LH
29
what are corticotrophins?
Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex | e.g. glucocorticoids (cortisol)
30
what are gonadotrophs?
Regulate activity of gonads (ovary & testis)
31
what is FSH?
F-follicle development & secretion of oestrogen's | M-sustentacular cells
32
what is LH?
Induces ovulation / estrogen & progesterone
33
what is thyrotrophs?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates growth thyroid epithelial cells Release of thyroid hormones
34
what is chromophores?
fail to stain- too few granules | may be any of 5 types
35
what is found in the posterior pituitary?
Pars nervosa (neural lobe)
36
what is the Pars nervosa (neural lobe)?
Continuation of hypothalamic region of brain into pituitary stalk Contains axons of hypothalamic neurons
37
what 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin ```
38
what does ADH do?
decrease H2O loss by kidneys
39
what does oxytocin do?
Promotes contraction of smooth muscle uterus & | myoepithelial cells breast
40
where is the pineal gland?
Located under brain –composed of lobules of specialised cells
41
what are the 2 types of specialised cells in the pineal gland?
pinealocytes | glial cells
42
what are pinealocytes?
Neuron-like cells which produce melatonin
43
what are glial cells?
Bipolar elongated cells that run between nests of pinealocytes – indistinct unless stained
44
what is melatonin?
Secreted by pineal gland responds to light & regulates seasonal changes in the body
45
what effect does ageing have on melatonin?
Declines with aging & is thought to trigger changes throughout the endocrine system
46
what is the structure of the thyroid gland?
Bilobed Curves across anterior surface of trachea Lobes connected isthmus
47
what are the 3 hormones in the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine T4 Triiodothyronine T3 Calcitonin
48
what are T3 and T4 involved in?
metabolism
49
what is calcitonin involved in?
calcium homeostasis
50
what is a follicle of the thyroid gland?
structural unit | hollow spheres of cuboidal epithelial cells
51
what is the lumen of the follicle filled with?
colloid
52
what is surrounding each follicle?
basement membrane enclosing C-cells in a parafollicular position
53
what is an under active thyroid?
Increase colloid, flattened cells
54
what is an overactive thyroid?
Decrease colloid, tall cells
55
where are the parathyroid glands?
Embedded in posterior surface of thyroid | Separated by dense capsular fibres of thyroid
56
what do the parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
57
what is PTH involved in?
calcium homeostasis
58
what are the 2 cells in the parathyroid glands?
chief cells | oxyphils
59
where is the pancreas?
Lies within abdominopelvic cavity
60
what does the exocrine pancreas contain?
Pancreatic acini arranged in clusters
61
what does the endocrine pancreas contain?
Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) | Small groups cells scattered among the exocrine cells
62
what do the pancreatic islets contain?
Extensive capillary network:hormones to blood stream | Each islet contains 4 cell types
63
what are the alpha cells?
Glucagon | increase blood glucose  and glycogen breakdown liver
64
what are beta cells?
Insulin | increase blood glucose and glycogen synthesis liver
65
what are delta cells?
Inhibiting peptide Inhibits release of glucagon & insulin Slows food absorption + enzyme secretion
66
what are F cells?
Pancreatic polypeptide Inhibits gall bladder contractions Regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes
67
what is the adrenal gland?
2 distinct endocrine systems within one organ
68
what does the adrenal gland contain?
adrenal cortex | adrenal medulla
69
what is the adrenal cortex?
outer layer | Secretes steroid hormones (cholesterol)
70
what is the adrenal medulla?
inner layer | Neuroendocrine component - epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
71
what are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulus zona fasciculata zona reticularis
72
what is the zona glomerulus?
Outer (smallest) | Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
73
what is the zona fasciculata?
Middle (biggest, yellow) | Glucocorticoids (cortisol & corticosterone)
74
what is the zona reticularis?
Inner (pale brown) | Androgens (DHEA & androstenedione)
75
how does the foetus/neonate adrenal cortex differ?
cortex is large & has 4th external layer – involutes after birth
76
where is the adrenal medulla derived from?
from neural crest & part of neuroendocrine system
77
what is the structure of the adrenal medulla?
Usually brown in colour | Cells - large pale staining nuclei & fine, granular cytoplasm
78
how are the cells arranged in the adrenal medulla?
Cells polyhedral in shape – arranged in clumps, cords, columns & surrounded by rich network capillaries
79
what is the effect of cortisol on age?
increases with age
80
what hormones decline with age?
sex hormones melatonin growth hormone

IMS (52 decks)

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