endocrine system Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
gap junctions
A
interactions of cells
2
Q
neurotransmitters
A
communications for nerves
3
Q
hormones
A
chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream
4
Q
Both nervous and endocrine system communicate through chemical messengers to
A
bind ti target cells to produce a response
5
Q
can a hormone and neurotransmitter produce the same response
A
yes
6
Q
whats the differences between nervous and endocrine system
A
nervous is faster, stops as soon as stimuli stops , not redundant, very specific target
endocrine is not as fast, will keeps going if stimuli stops, wide range target.
7
Q
exocrine glands
A
secret products through ducts to body surfaces (skin)
8
Q
examples of exocrine glands
A
mucous, sweat oil, saliva, bile, and pancreatic enzymes
9
Q
2 types of chemical messengers
A
autocrines paracrines
10
Q
autocrines
A
exert their effects in the same cell that secretes them
11
Q
paracrines
A
( same tissue) but different types of cells than the releasing the signal
12
Q
three types of hormones
A
peptide, steroid, eicosonoids
13
Q
what type of hormone is water soluble
A
peptide
14
Q
what type of hormone is fat soluble
A
steroid
15
Q
how do peptide hormone get into the cell
A
by a second messenger, bind to g protein
16
Q
what is the steriod hormone synthesized from and where
A
from cholesterol in gonads from adrenal glands
17
Q
are eicosonoids autocrines or paracrine
A
both
18
Q
why are eicosoniods released by many cells
A
in response inflammation and immunity
19
Q
most common types of eicosoniods
A
leukotrienes, prostaglandins
20
Q
three types of hormone release
A
humoral, neutral stimuli, hormonal stimuli
21
Q
where is the pituitary gland located
A
sella turcica in sphenoid bone
22
Q
two parts of pituitary gland
A
anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary
23
Q
hormones secreted by posterior pituitary
A
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
24
Q
abrev for antidiuretic hormone
A
ADH
25
oxytocin is secreted by
paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
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what stimulates oxytocin
cervical/ uterine stretching and suckling on infant at breasts
27
what inhibits oxytocin
lack of appropriate neural stimuli
28
what is the target organ on oxytocin
uterus breast
29
what is not a true gland
posterior pituitary
30
what hormone stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor initiates milk injection
oxytocin
31
antidiuretic hormone ADH is secreted by
neurons of supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
32
what stimulates ADH
if an increase of blood solute concentration or decrease of blood volume is needed. pain, some drugs, low blood pressure
33
what inhibits ADH
adequate hydration of the body, alcohol
34
what is the target organ of ADH
kidneys
35
what hormone stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
ADH
36
hypo secretions of ADH
diabetes insipidus
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hyper secretions of ADH
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
38
what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary
growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone, prolactin
39
what stimulates GH
release of growth hormone releasing hormone, low blood levels of GH
40
what inhibits GH
feedback inhibition exerted by GH AND IGF, hyperglycemia
41
IGF
insulin like growth factor
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what is the target of GH
liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues
43
what hormone stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose
GH
44
hypo secretion of GH
Pituitary dwarfism children
45
hyper secretion of GH
gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults
46
what stimulates Thyroid-Stimulatting hormone (TSH)
thyroid releasing hormone, in infants-cold temperature
47
what inhibits TSH
by feedback inhibition exerted by thyroid hormones
48
what is the target of TSH
thyroid gland
49
what hormone stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
TSH
50
what stimulates Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
by CRH, stimuli that releases CRH is stressors
51
what inhibits ACTH
by feedback inhibition exerted by glucocorticoids
52
what is the target organ of ACTH
adrenal cortex
53
what hormone promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids)
ACTH
54
hypo secretion of ACTH
rare
55
hyper secretions
cushings disease
56
what stimulates Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
GnRH
57
what inhibits FSH
feedback inhibition exerted by inhibin, estrogens-f testosterone-m
58
what are the target organs of FSH
ovaries and testes
59
what hormone stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens and stimulates sperm production
FSH
60
hypo secretion of FSH
failure of sexual maturation
61
hyper secretion of FSH
no important effects
62
what stimulates Luteinizing hormone (LH)
by GnRH
63
what inhibits LH
by inhibition exerted by estrogens and progesterone in women and testosterone in males
64
what are the target organs of LH
ovaries and testes
65
what hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone and promotes testosterone production
LH
66
hyposecretion of LH
failure of sexual maturation
67
hyper secretion of LH
no important effects
68
what stimulates prolactin (PRL)
decrease of Prolactin inhibiting hormone, release of enhanced by estrogen, birth control pills, breast feeding, dopamine-blocking drugs
69
what inhibits PRL
prolactin inhibiting hormone
70
what is the target organ of PRL
breast secretory tissue
71
what hormone promotes location
PRL
72
hypo secretion of PRL
poor milk production in nursing women
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hypersecretion of PRL
galactorrhea, cessation of menses in females , impotence in males
74
galactorrhea
inappropriate milk production
75
what stimulates Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
reninangiotensinaldosterone mechanism
76
what activates reninangiotensinaldosterone mechanism
decreasing blood volumes blood pressure elevates mood K+ level and ACTH
77
what inhibits Mineralocorticoids
increased blood volume and pressure and decreased blood K+ levels
78
What is the target organ of Mineralocorticoids
kidneys
79
what hormone increases blood levels of na and decrease blood levels of k and blood volume and blood volume rises
mineralocorticoids
80
hypo secretion mineralocorticoids
aldosteronism
81
hyper secretion
Addison's disease
82
what stimulates glucocorticoids (cortisol)
ACTH
83
what inhibits cortisol
feedback inhibition exerted by cortisol
84
hypo secretion of cortisol
cushings syndrome
85
hyper secretion of cortisol
Addisons disease
86
what stimulates gonadocorticoids (androgens)
ACTH
87
what is converted to testosterone or estrogen after release
androgens
88
what hormone contributes to female libido development of pubic and axillary hair in females and source of estrogens after menopause
gonadocorticoids
89
hypo secretion of gonadocorticoids
adrenogenital syndrome
90
adrenogenital syndrome
masculinization of females
91
what hormones are secreted in adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids
92
what hormones are secreted in the adrenal medulla
catecholamines
93
what are examples of catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
94
what stimulates catecholamines
preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system
95
what hormone increases heart rate and metabolic rate and increase blood pressure
catecholamines
96
what are the target organs of catecholamines
sympathetic nervous system target organs
97
hyper secretions of catecholamines
prolonged fight tor flight responses or hypertension
98
what horses does the thyroid hormone
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
99
thyroxine T4
follicle cells of thyroid
100
triiodothyronine T3
follicle cells
101
calcitonin
parafollicular cells
102
what stimulates thyroxine
TSH TRH
103
what inhibits thyroxine
negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus
104
what hormone promotes oxygen utilization and increases the metabolic rate
thyroxine
105
hypo secretion of thyroxine
hypothyroidism Hashimoto's and cretinism in children
106
hyper secretion of thyroxine
hyperthyroidism graves disease
107
what stimulates calcitonin
increased calcitonin levels in blood
108
where is calcitonin target
bone
109
what hormone decreases calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition kidneys and promotes calcium exception
calcitonin
110
what stimulates parathyroid hormone PTH
a decrease calcium levels in blood
111
where is PTH target
bone; kidney
112
what hormone increases osteoclast activity and increases calcium reabsorption into blood
PTH
113
hypo secretion of PTH
hypoparathyroidism
114
hyper secretion PTH
hyperparathyroidism
115
PTH does what
maintains the body calcium and phosphate
116
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
117
what causes goiters
iodine defiency
118
what synthesize and release PTH
parathyroid cells or chief cells
119
PTH activates
osteoclasts
120
too much PTH causes
osteitis fibrosa cáustica
121
pineal gland composed of
pineocytes
122
pineal gland function
produce melatonin
123
what affects circadian rhythm
melatonin
124
what surpasses melatonin secretion
exposure to bright light
125
where is the location of the T cells of T lymphocytes
thymus gland
126
superior portion of adrenal
adrenal cortex
127
what is the name given to all adrenal hormones
corticosteroids
128
what are the layers of the adrenal cortex
glumerulosa, fascisulata, reticularis
129
glumerulosa/mineralcorticoids
na, k and water balance
130
fascisulata/ glucocorticoids
cortisol glucose metabolism
131
reticularis /gonadocortticoids
sex hormones
132
what is a hyper secretion of cortisol
cushings syndrome
133
adrenal medulla
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
134
what is the major function of postganglionic sympathetic neurons
produce catecholamines
135
catecholamines in children
neuroblasma
136
catecholamines in adults
pheochromocytoma
137
symptoms of pheochromocytoma
increased blood pressure and palpitations
138
where is the pancreas
elongated gland below and behind stomach
139
pancreas is divided into four parts
head neck body and tall
140
what is the pancreas responsible for
to regulate glycemic (blood sugar)
141
does pancreas have endocrine or exocrine functions
both
142
acinar cells
produce digestive enzymes (exocrine )
143
types of islets of langerhans cells
Alpha, bets, dela cells
144
alpha cells secrets
glucagon
145
beta cells secrete
insulin
146
delta cells secrete
somatostatin
147
when is glucagon released
between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
148
what does glucagon do in the liver
stimulates gluconeogensis glucogenolysis and release of glucose in circulation raising blood glucose level
149
what does glucagon do in adipose tissue
stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids
150
when is insulin secreted
during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
151
what three things does insulin do
lowering blood glucose levels, promotes synthesis glycogen, fat, protein and suppresses use of already stored fuels
152
what three things can absorb glucose without insulin
brain liver and kidneys
153
type 1
insulin dependent
154
type 2
non insulin dependent
155
what type of cells do type 1 destroy
beta cells
156
before what age do you get type 1
30
157
is type 1 obesity related
no
158
is type 1 ketoacidosis
yes
159
what are symptoms of type 1 and 2
polyuria, polydipsia, thirst, weight loss
160
what is important about type 2
resistance to insulin
161
does type 2 require insulin
maybe
162
is diabetic ketoacidosis dangerous
yes a medical emergency
163
what is diabetic ketoacidosis due to
elevated insulin requirements from physical or mental stress
164
somatostatin suppressers
secretion of glucagon and insulin
165
somatostatin inhibits
nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients
166
liver converts
cholecalciferol into calcidiol
167
liver secrets
angiotensingen (a pro-hormone)
168
hepcidin
promotes intestinal absorption of iron
169
kidneys
convert calcidiol to calcitroil, active form of vitamin D
170
kidneys secrets
renin
171
kidneys produces
erythropoietin
172
heart
atrial muscle secrets two natriuretic peptides in response to an increase in blood pressure
173
stomach and small intestine
secrete enteric hormones to coordinate digestive motility and glandular secretion
174
example of enteric hormones
cholecystokinin and gastrin
175
adipose tissure secrets
leptin
176
what is secreted by osteoblast
osteocalcin
177
placenta increases
estrogen, progesterone
178
in female ovary, granulosa
cell produce most of estradiol during reproductive years
179
what is converted from cholesterol precursor molecules under the direction of FSH LH
estradiol
180
what are the gonads
ovaries and testes
181
testes produce
testosterone and small amount of estrogen
182
what is testes function
to develop male characteristics in uterus and secondary sex characteristics in puberty
183
tests maintains
good sperm production
184
what controls the testes
FSH LH
