endocrinology 2

Question 1

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 1

integration centre for endocrine systems

Question 2

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 2

infundibulum

Question 3

What is the true endocrine tissue of the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

anterior

Question 4

How is the ant. pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

2 connected capillary beds (portal system)

Question 5

What is the tissue origin of the ant. pituitary?

Answer 5

epithelial

Question 6

What portion of the gland doe the ant. make up?

Answer 6

2/3

Question 7

What part of the pituitary is neuroendocrine tissue?

Answer 7

post

Question 8

What is the tissue origin of the post pituitary?

Answer 8

neural

Question 9

How does the post. pituitary connect to hypothalamus?

Answer 9

neural connection

Question 10

What does the post. pituitary secrete?

Answer 10

neurohormones made in hypothalamus

Question 11

What is the ant. pituitary also called?

Answer 11

adenohypophysis

Question 12

What is the post. pituitary also called?

Answer 12

neurohypophysis

Question 13

What peptide hormones does post. pituitary release?

Answer 13

vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)

oxytocin

Question 14

Where are ADH and oxytocin synthesised?

Answer 14

magnocellular neurones in the hypothalamus

• different subsets (neurones) make either oxytocin or ADH

Question 15

do the hypothalamus axons projecting down the infundibulum synapse with other neurones?

Answer 15

no, terminals end directly in capillaries

Question 16

how are the mature neuronal hormones stored n the post. pituitary?

Answer 16

hormones stored in vesicles in the post. pituitary

Question 17

What do the ADH and oxytocin behave like?

Answer 17

peptide hormones

Question 18

What connects the cys in the ADH and oxytocin backbone?

Answer 18

disulphide bonds

Question 19

Name the amino acids different in the ADH and oxytocin?

Answer 19

Phe –> lle

Arg –> leu

Question 20

What is the main function of vasopressin (ADH)?

Answer 20

regulated water balance

Question 21

What is the main function of oxytocin?

Answer 21

milk ejection and uterine contraction

Question 22

What triggers the vasopressin (ADH release)?

Answer 22

increase plasma osmolarity (dehydration)

decrease volume/BP

Question 23

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

Answer 23

suckling

labour (babies head against cervix)

Question 24

What is the site/mode of action of vasopressin (ADH)?

Answer 24

KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS
- increase water reabsorption

VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSLCE
- increase BP

Question 25

What is the site/mode of action of oxytocin?

Answer 25

MILK DUCT SMOOTH MUSCLE - contracts muscle, ejecting UTERINE SMOOTH MUSCLE - child birth

Question 26

What do you call hormone which control the release of other hormones (anterior pituitary to other endocrine targets)?

Answer 26

trophic hormones

Question 27

What are the 2 pathways of the ant. pit?

Answer 27

direct on peripheral targets indirect: trophic hormones to other endocrine targets and then to peripheral targets

Question 28

What are the hormones from the ant. pit which act directly on peripheral targets?

Answer 28

prolactin, growth hormone

Question 29

What happens of there is lack of or too much trophic hormone input?

Answer 29

lack of... atrophy too much... hypertrophy

Question 30

Why does the ant. pit use the portal system?

Answer 30

allows only a small vol of blood for these hormones to move around we only need small amount of hormone to elicit effects short distance, very rapid and dynamic only need a small number or neurosecretory neurones for sufficient control

Question 31

What 2 categories of hormones does the hypothalamus release to the ant. pit?

Answer 31

stimulatory or inhibitory

Question 32

What is the only non-peptide hormones released by the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

dopamine (catecholamine) steroid hormone

Question 33

What is the role of dopamine on ant. pit?

Answer 33

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Question 34

What are all the hormones released by the ant. pit?

Answer 34

peptide hormones

Question 35

What are the 6 peptiode hromones released ffrom the ant. pituitary?

Answer 35

prolactin thyroid stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) growth hormone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinising hormone (LH)

Question 36

Does prolactin act directly on the breast?

Answer 36

yes, direct

Question 37

What does TSH act on (AP)?

Answer 37

thyroid - thyroid hormone release

Question 38

What does ACTH act on? (AP)

Answer 38

adrenal cortex - cortisol release

Question 39

What does GH act upon? (AP)

Answer 39

liver - trophic IGF release or direct on growth tissues

Question 40

What does FSH and LH act upon? (AP)

Answer 40

endocrine cells of gonads

Question 41

What is the direct effect of FSH and LH? (AP)

Answer 41

regulation of reproductive function

Question 42

What is the trophic effect of FSH and LH? (AP)

Answer 42

sex hormone release

Question 43

What are the 2 types of hormone-specific cell types in the AP?

Answer 43

ACIDOPHIL CELLS BASOPHIL CELLS

Question 44

Name the 2 types of acidophil cells in the AP?

Answer 44

SOMATOTROPHS AND LACTOTROPHS

Question 45

What does the somatotroph cell release in the AP?

Answer 45

GH

Question 46

What does the lactotrophs release in the AP?

Answer 46

PL

Question 47

wHAT DO THE THYROTROPHS RELEASE?

Answer 47

TSH

Question 48

What do the gonadotrophs release?

Answer 48

LH/FSH

Question 49

What do the corticotrophs release?

Answer 49

ACTH

Question 50

What do the AP hormone-specific cell types allow?

Answer 50

the receptor profiles of these cells allow selectivity to incoming hypothalamic hormones

Question 51

How is the AP controlled?

Answer 51

AP feedback control

Question 52

What does the AP feedback control involve?

Answer 52

3 integration centres 1. hypothalamus 2. AP 3. target endocrine cell

Question 53

Do hormones act as a positive or negative feedback signal?

Answer 53

negative

Question 54

What do you call the feedback from the endocrine target?

Answer 54

long loop feedback

Question 55

What do you call the feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus?

Answer 55

short loop feedback