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ENT/Ophthalmology Flashcards

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1
Q

Most common pathogens for Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Staph Aureus and Strep.Pneumo. Less so H.Influenza and Moraxella

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2
Q

Sx for Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Purulent Discharge
Lid Crusting
No Visual Change

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3
Q

Treatment for Bacterial Conjunctivitis. What if they wear contacts?

A

Gentamicin Drops

Contacts: cover for pseudomonas so Fluorquinolones (Cipro, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin)

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4
Q

Most common pathogens for Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

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5
Q

Sx for Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Super contagious
Associated with URI
Clear, Mucoid/Watery Discharge

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6
Q

Treatment for Viral Conjuncitivtis

A

Cool Compress
Artificial Tears
Antihistamines for Itching

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7
Q

Sx for Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Itching, Tearing, Viral sx (rhinorrhea, fever, malaise, pharyngitis)

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8
Q

Tx for Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Topical Antihistamines (Olopatadine)

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9
Q

Most common pathogen for Orbital Cellulitis

A

Strep. Pneumo. Less so GABHS, H.Flu, S.Aureus

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10
Q

Where is Orbital Cellulitis located

A

Post-Septal, 90% Ethmoid

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11
Q

Sx for Orbital Cellulitis

A

Usually spread for SINUS infection

Reduced Vision, Pain with ocular movement, Proptosis

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12
Q

Tx for Orbital Cellulitis

A

IV Abx (Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Cefotaxime)

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13
Q

Most common pathogen for Periorbital Cellulitis

A

Step. Aureus, S.Pneumo

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14
Q

Where is Periorbital Cellulitis located

A

Pre-Septal

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15
Q

Sx for Periorbital Cellulitis

A

Usually spread from URI

No pain with ocular movement, no vision change

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16
Q

Tx for Periorbital Cellulitis

A 
Oral Abx (Dicloxacilin/Cephalexin)
If MRSA: Clindamycin/Cotrimoxazole
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17
Q

What is Strabismus

A

Eyes are not oriented straight

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18
Q

Sx of Strabismus

A

Cross-Eyed, Diplopia, Depth Perception Loss

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19
Q

Dx of Strabismus

A

Abnormal corneal light reflex, Drifting in cover/uncover test

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20
Q

Tx of Strabismus

A

Patch of “good eye”
Eyeglasses
Surgery between 6 months - 2 years

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21
Q

What is Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Block between external auditory canal and cochlear receptor cells - usually due to fluid in middle ear (middle ear effusion) or Cerumen

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22
Q

Tx for conductive hearing loss

A

Treat otitis media or remove cerumen, tubes if recurrent

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23
Q

What is Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Defect in Cochlear Hair Cells or Auditory Nerve (CN 8)

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24
Q

Tx for Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Cochlear Implants, Amplification

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25
Most common pathogen for Otitis Externa
Pseudomonas. Less so, Staph and Strep, Aspergillus
26
Sx for Otitis Externa
Ear Pain, Pruritis, Auricular Discharge, Pain with movement of ear
27
Tx for Otitis Externa
Dry with Isopropyl Alcohol or Aceitic Acid | Ciprofloxacin/Dexamethosone
28
Most common pathogen for Acute Otitis Media
Strep. Pneumo. Less loss H.Flu, Moraxella
29
Sx for Acute Otitis Media
Fever, Otalgia, Ear Tugging, TM with effusion
30
Tx for Acute Otitis Media
Amoxicillin. Augment in 2nd line.
31
Most common pathogen for Mastoiditis
Usually an extension of middle ear infection. Strep. Pneumo.
32
Sx of Mastoiditis
Non-Resolving otitis media, hearing loss, postauricular swelling, TM perforation
33
Tx of Mastoiditis
IV Abx (Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime)
34
Where is the most common site for an anterior epistaxis
Kiesselbach's Plexus
35
Treatment for Epistaxis
Direct pressure and lean forward while sitting. Topical Decongestant (Cocaine, Phenylephrine, Oxymetazoline nasal) Cauterization or nasal packing
36
Most common pathogen for Acute Sinusitis
Same as for acute otitis media! | Strep.Pneumo, GABHS, H.Flu, Moraxella
37
Sx for Acute Sinusitis
Sinus Pain/pressure Headache Purulent sputum or nasal discharge
38
Tx for Acute Sinusitis
Amoxicillin
39
What is Allergic Rhinitis
An IgE mediated histamine release response
40
Sx of Allergic Rhinitis
Sneezing, nasal, ocular, or palatal itching | Clear rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, pale bluish nasal mucosa
41
Tx for Allergic Rhinitis
Fluticasone (Flonase)
42
Most common pathogen for Oral Thrush
Candida Albicans
43
Sx of Oral Thrush
White curd-like plaques that when scrape leave an erythematous base behind and often bleed
44
Dx of Oral Thrush
KOH Smear = Budding Yeast, Hyphae
45
Tx of Oral Thrush
Nystatin or Clotimazole | Fluconazole PO
46
Most common pathogen for Epiglottitis
H.Influenza
47
Sx of Epiglottits
Fever, Drooling, Dysphagia, Distress (Tripod/Sniffing Dog Position)
48
Dx of Epiglottits
Don't put anything in their mouth! X-Ray: Thumb Sign Laryngoscope is definitive = Cherry red epiglottis
49
Tx of Epiglottitis
``` Secure the airway and intubate the kid. IV Abx (Ceftriaxone) ```
50
Most common pathogen for Peritonsillar Abscess
Group A Strep (Strep.Pyogens)
51
Sx for Peritonsillar Abscess
Dysphagia, Pharyngitis, Muffled Voice, Trismus (limited mouth opening), Drooling
52
Tx for Peritonsillar Abscess
IV Clindamycin or Penicillin
53
Most common pathogen for Acute Pharyngotonsillitis
VIRAL is 90%! (Adenovirus) | Group A Strep (Strep Pyogens)
54
Sx for Acute Pharyngotonsillitis
``` Fever Tonsillar Exudates Tender Anterior Cervical Lymphadenopathy Petichea on soft palate No Cough Scarlet Fever = Flushed cheeks, Strawberry tongue, erythematous blanching rash that is rough ```
55
Tx for Acute Pharyngotonsillitis
Penicillin G | Amoxicillin, Augmentin
56
**Tx for Otitis Externa**
Dry the ear with isopropyl alcohol and use Fluoroquinolones like Ofloxacin/Ciprofloxacin drops
57
**Most common pathogen for Mastoiditis**
Remember, it's an extension of Otitis Media Strep. Pneumo, then Strep Pyogens, then Staph and H.Flu Strep. Pneumo is #1
58
**Tx for Hearing Impairment**
Manage with hearing screen at birth Early Detection and Intevention Program with Auditory Branstem Response and Otoacoustic Emmision Testing Intervene by 6 months Cochlear Implants for sensorineural hearing loss Amplification for sensorienueral correction
59
**Sx of Cleft Palate**
Note a translucent zone in middle of soft palate Palpation of hard palate reveals absence of posterior bony protrusion During feedings: Nasal regurgitation of food Abnormal Speech
60
**Cause of Cleft Palate**
Congenital Malformation
61
**Tx for Otitis Externa**
Dry ear with isopropyl alcohol and use Fluoroquinolones (Ofloxacin/Ciprofloxacin) DROPS
62
**Cause of Conjunctivitis**
Bacterial: H.Flu, S.Pneumo, Moraxella, Staph Aureus. Spread via contact Viral: Adenovirus. Very Contagious
63
**Dx for Epiglottis**
Clinical, Note Rapid Progression Drooling, Hoarseness, High Fever, Sore Throat, Tripod Position (sniffing dog). Remember: Caused by H.Influenza so immunization hx important (if kids ages 2-7 missed, they are prone in winter months)
64
**Cause of Oral Candidiasis**
Common in babies, people with immune deficiency and those who use steroid sprays for asthma. Can result from anything that throws off balance (Abx) Caused by Fungus: Candida Albicans (normally found in mouth)

Pediatrics (12 decks)

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